Cahapter 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

Cahapter 6 - Essay Example Steel being the choice of material, this geometric form adopted with few change by architects of different era and became a distinctive feature of Modern Architecture (Arnold 1996). Besides architectural factor, several steel building, rising up with architectural setback, is outcome of the zoning and planning regulation mandated for the region. Geometric form with architectural setback mandated by urban planning and zoning regulations for high-rise building and skyscraper located in medium and higher density district. First zoning laws in New York first mandated this building form, in 1916 to reduce the shadow of the high-rise building at street and sidewalk (Naeim 1989). According to New York zoning law, the buildings established between 1916 and 1960 raised up to certain height. The height of lower part defined with respect to the width of the street on which building established. Hence, in narrow streets, the setback started at lower story. Starting from that level, they had to s et back until the plan area of one fourth of whole site reached. (New York Skyscrapers 1996) In early years, the effect of setback on seismic performance of steel frames was not main concerns of architects and engineers, especially, if they were constructed in medium or low seismicity region. Although, few steel frames experienced severe damage during past earthquake, no direct correlation between the damage and vertical irregularity found (Youssef, Bonowitz & Gross 1995). In several regions, restrictions set for different building, believed unnecessary for buildings designed with steel frames. (Arnold 1996) and (Naeim 1989) Earthquake resistant design provisions and guidelines, addresses the vertical geometric irregularity as an issue related with the accuracy and reliability of analytical methods, used to define elastic and inelastic seismic demands. Once the

Wireless networking Essay Example for Free

Wireless networking Essay With the current application of 802.11b wireless solution Highbrow Ed is using, hot spots are inefficient for application delivery, and to manage the bandwidth they will need for the collaboration and expansion required in the future. An upgrade to an optimized Wireless LAN (WLAN) architecture will solve all of their business needs. While an 802.11b/g model for wireless networking using a traditional centralized WLAN switch might work, this solution is very expensive and has several limitations. This type of model is prone to inefficient application delivery, performance bottlenecking, and having a single point of failure depending on the health of the centralized WLAN switch. Upgrading to an optimized WLAN architecture, using 802.11n technology, provides Highbrow Ed with a scalable, efficient, high-performing wireless network. An optimized WLAN architecture combines the advantages of central management and addresses the limitations of having a central wireless switch. Optimized WLAN consists of intelligent Access Points (Aps) and a WLAN controller. The APs forward traffic and enforce security and prioritization policies, while the WLAN controller centrally manages and controls all APs. The APs dispatch all traffic directly from source to destination without requiring a detour to the controller. The optimized WLAN architecture, with its distributed traffic forwarding, will not require Highbrow Ed to significantly change their LAN backbone. Highbrow Ed will need to upgrade their WLAN infrastructure to migrate from the 802.11b network to 802.11n network. However, Highbrow Ed will see an increase in productivity and enhanced collaboration solutions. The conversion to the 802.11n architecture will increase their area of coverage for the campus both in the structures and outdoors. 802.11n boosts network capacity and speed up to 600Mbps, and supports voice and data transfers.

Iraq War Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war waged on Iraq by the United States has been the cause of heated debate all over the world. Many people have opposed the United States attack on Iraq for many viable reasons. Some of these reasons include that it is not in the best interests for the reputation of the United States with the other nations of the global community, it poses an increased threat to United States homeland security, and it will result in many unjust crimes committed by the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Going to war with Iraq will negatively affect the reputation of the United States with other countries opposing the war. These countries include Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, and Pakistan, to name a few. In order to be a superpower, it entails that the country maintain amicable ties with nations in strategic areas in order to facilitate goodwill and cooperation. By going to war with Iraq, the United States has put a tremendous strain on amicable ties it once had with influential countries like France, Germany, and Egypt which is not good for public relation purposes or for maintaining superpower status. Also, going to war with Iraq has put a tremendous strain on the ties between the United States and many Muslim countries. The vast majority of the Muslim world is vehemently opposed to the war, thereby fueling anger towards the United States, viewing it as unjust and overstepping its bounds. This creates a dark image of the United Sta...

Political Stability and the History of Weather in Brazil Essay

The political stability of Brazil has always relied heavily on the abundance of natural resources to be found in the Amazon rainforest, and has been severely tested in eras of colonization, periods of boom-and-bust, world wars, and civil wars. Populations migrated from Asia to the Americas when sea levels were lowered by 100 meters due to the expanding glaciers and ice sheets of the last ice age, and dry land linked Alaska to Siberia (Lamb 112). One group, the Incans, settled along the Andes. Since the only beast of burden, the llama, was too small to carry a man, they lived mostly sedentary lives. They also stratified their populations on the sides of the Andes to take advantage of the different capacities of the land (growing cotton at sea level, maize on the piedmont, and potatoes in the highlands). For people living in the Amazon basin, the climate induced them to be even less materialistic. Belongings left in a thatch-and-pole hut by semi-nomadic people would be destroyed through a combination of humidity and insects by the time the roamers returned to the settlement (Place 22). The Indians also developed a social structure in which each individual Indian would be responsible for possessing mentally all the necessary information for making a living in a tropical rainforest: hunting practices, habits of particular game animals, rituals, food manufacture, and crop varieties (Roosevelt 23). After the arrival of the Europeans, indigenous peoples died from new diseases like smallpox, measles, and typhus in what was eventually called the â€Å"largest demographic collapse in history† (Webb). While the indigenous populations were struggling to survive, European colonizers were moving in with horses, dogs, cattle, chickens, and slav... ...ssed 20 November 2004. Place, Susan E., ed. Tropical Rainforests: Latin American Nature and Society in Transition. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1993. Roosevelt, Anna. Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994. â€Å"Rubber: War.† Pulse of the Planet. National Science Foundation. Program #2233, September 2000. http://www.pulseplanet.com/archive/Sep00/2233.html. Accessed 20 November 2004. â€Å"Rubber: Boom.† Pulse of the Planet. National Science Foundation. Program #2232, September 2000. http://www.pulseplanet.com/archive/Sep00/2232.html. Accessed 20 November 2004. Steffen, Alex. â€Å"Fome Zero.† WorldChanging: Another World is Here. 4 December 2003. http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000168.html. Accessed 20 November 2004. Webb, James. Lecture. Colby College. 7 March 2004.

Consider the significance of the Edict of Nantes 1598 Essay

The Edict of Nantes immediately followed the Wars of Religion, which further divided France in terms of religion. The Edict of Nantes could be described as a significant development in policies regarding religion in France in the 17th century. The policies were implemented by a monarch who sat on the fence when it came to religion, having devotions to both Catholicism and Protestantism, in the shape of Henry IV. The Edict of Nantes itself was very significant as its policy was the first of its kind in French politics. Never before had a French monarch tolerated both Catholicism and Protestantism and allowed them both to flourish in the same ‘country’. Whatever Henry’s beliefs and motives in implementing such a policy, it was certainly an original policy and a significant development in sixteenth and seventeenth century France. Toleration existed and although it can be argued that Protestants didn’t have very much power and the Catholics remained in near total control of the majority of areas in the country but the Protestants certainly had more power than they had under previous more anti-Protestant monarchs. The Edict could also be described as a turning point. Indeed, it could be described as a very significant turning point. Legislation was put in place in an attempt to avoid discrimination against the Protestants. Discrimination was not evident by the Edict itself; it was more of a case of trying to give the Protestants more rights. Henry couldn’t go as far as giving the Protestants equal legal, religious and political rights because he would lose the support of the Catholics. However, there can be no denying the significance of the legislation. It was the attempt to be pragmatic where religion is concerned which resulted in his death. The significance of Henry’s reign lies in the difference and the pragmatism of his reign. The actual legislation could be described as ground breaking. The rights that the Edict of Nantes gave the Protestants included full liberty of conscience and private worship; liberty of public worship wherever it had previously been granted and its extension to numerous other localities and to estates of Protestant nobles; full civil rights including the right to hold public office; royal subsidies for Protestant schools; special courts, composed of Roman Catholic and Protestant judges, to judge cases involving Protestants; retention of the organization of the Protestant church in France; and Protestant control of some 200 cities then held by the Huguenots, including such strongholds as La Rochelle, with the king contributing to the maintenance of their garrisons and fortifications. In practice, things were slightly different for the Protestants who were oppressed by the Catholics and still weren’t allowed anywhere near Paris. It is clear that full, equal rights for the Protestants were not given by Henry – for example, Roman Catholic judges had more power in the courts than the Protestant judges did and often Roman Catholic bias came through in a number of cases – but there was some attempt to give the Protestants some rights and freedoms which was in itself significant. The Edict of Nantes was also very significant in terms of Henry’s foreign policy. He wanted to protect the southern border of France from the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs. Henry was more patriotic than the French kings before him and his policies show this as he placed the Protestants in the south of France, using the Protestants to protect France from Spain. All of this means that – in terms of French foreign policy – the Edict of Nantes carries further significance for a number of reasons†¦ The removal of the Protestants away from Paris and further towards the south means that Henry IV embarked on a policy of centralisation. There is no doubt that Henry converted to Catholicism and tried to maintain as much power as possible for his Catholic friends in the establishment. Policies were made more in a centralised way i.e. from Paris and the Protestants were freezed out in positions of power by the Catholics. This is significant because of the reign of Louis XIII who furthered the centralisation policy, and shows that there was a trend towards centralisation before Louis XIII came onto the throne. This also shows that Henry’s domestic and foreign policy can easily be linked, which is also significant. All of this emphasises how significant the Edict of Nantes was. Henry’s patriotism was also on show in the implementation of the Edict of Nantes. He didn’t want any foreign influence in his affairs and he wanted to appease the Protestants. The best way to appease them was giving them an important role whilst getting what he wanted in his foreign policy by getting the Protestants to protect the borders of France. This is highly significant as never before had a French monarch been as patriotic as Henry and it is also significant because it indicates that Henry didn’t actually want the Catholics to have power in all areas of France which probably indicates that he still had allegiances to the Protestant beliefs despite his conversion to Catholicism. Henry’s tactical manoeuvres were also significant in another way. Basically, he prevented the Wars of Religion from continuing and restarting again. The irony is that his tendency to sit on the fence on the issue of religion in the end cost him his life. This is why some historians place emphasis on the significance of this aspect of the Edict of Nantes. Henry’s early life as a Protestant and his subsequent conversion to Catholicism make the Edict of Nantes interesting as well as significant. To consider the significance of the Edict of Nantes, we have to consider the situation in France before Henry IV came to the throne and even beyond the Wars of Religion. The Wars of Religion were where the Calvinist Huguenots (Protestants) and the Catholics did battle for control of the monarchy. The Catholics won and maintained control of the monarchy; however, it is clear that something needed to be done to prevent another War of Religion from happening. Henry IV was the man with the job of preventing another War of Religion and he turned out to be the perfect man for the job. Unlike most French monarchs in this period, Henry was pragmatic when it came to religion although he had developed a slight preference for Catholicism. Henry felt that they were more important things than religion – his patriotism as opposed to his religious beliefs – but ultimately it was this that caused his downfall and eventual death. However, the very fact that the Wars of Religion didn’t happen again throughout Henry IV’s reign is very significant considering the huge division between the two religions. Another War of Religion could have shaped French history differently, especially if the Protestants/Calvinists came out on top. Today’s France could also have been completely different if a war wasn’t avoided. This makes Henry’s reign and – of course – the Edict of Nantes take on further significance. The Edict of Nantes certainly cannot be described as revolutionary but it was almost a complete reform of the laws regarding religion. In reality, there was little reform because there was major exploitation of flaws in the law by the Catholics. However, this shouldn’t take anything away from the significance of the Edict of Nantes because the laws created Protestant strangleholds in the south of France. Despite all this, the Edict of Nantes takes on an apparent lack of significance because of what happened to Henry and what happened under the reigns of subsequent monarchs. The Edict was indeed revoked in 1685 and steadily the Catholics moved towards a position of total power over the Protestants. So this means that the Edict of Nantes loses some of its significance because the policies of Henry had no impact on future monarchs. During Henry’s reign, however, significance can be attached to the Edict.

Aaliyah essays

Aaliyah essays So many lives she touched. She probably never had and inkling as to how many people loved her. These were the words of Darlene Corbin on August 31, the day that Aaliyah Dani Haughton was laid to rest. Multi-talented singer and actress, Aaliyah released three chart topping albums and snatched a role in a number of films. She was not only a talented entertainer, but also a great person. That is why today, November 1, 2001, on the day of the dead, we honor the life of Aaliyah. Aaliyah Dani Haughton was born on January 16, 1979 in Brooklyn, New York. At the age of five, Aaliyah and her family moved to Detroit. Just one year later, she starred in the school play Annie, for then she is when she realized that she had a special gift, her voice. Moving on to bigger things, Aaliyah appeared on the syndicated television show Star Search as she wowed the audience singing My Funny Valentine. She also had the experience of singing backup for Gladys Knight at a hotel in Las Vegas for five nights. At the age of fifteen, Aaliyah had released he first album. Her album was entitled Age aint nothing but a number, which she proved to the audience as she topped the charts. Just two years later, in her senior year of high school, she released her second album, One in a million. The album featured the collaboration of major Rs fame forever. She graduated from Detroit High School for performing arts, that year, with a 4.0. Aaliyah then appeared on many different so undtracks including the Dr. Dolittle soundtrack that featured her hit single Are you that somebody. Aaliyah was later cast in her first major film role in the box office hit Romeo Must Die. She then tool on the title of a movie star. She was then cast as one of the ...

How to make homemade ice cream Essay Example

How to make homemade ice cream Essay Example How to make homemade ice cream Essay How to make homemade ice cream Essay Have you ever wanted to try making your own homemade Ice cream? Have you not done It Just because you thought you needed an Ice cream machine to do It? Well, there are a few different ways to make homemade ice cream without an ice cream maker. All you need is a handful of ingredients, the proper utensils, and a little time. One fast and easy way to make homemade ice cream is by making it in a plastic bag. Another way you can do this requires the use of a stove and the correct cooking utensils. Each way is simple, but depending on the materials you have one will be easier to do than the other. If you dont have a lot of time and want a quick snack In no time you can make the Ice cream with the plastic bag method. If you want more ice cream and have time, the proper cooking utensils, and a stove you can use this other cooking method. Making ice cream can give you something to do when youre bored, hungry for a snack, or want to try something new. Making your own ice cream can save you money and you can show these different methods to your friends, family, or children. It can be an enjoyable activity and the end results are amazing. The Ice cream Is delicious and satisfying. These processes take Just a short time to do ND are simple and easy to complete. Using the plastic bag method is easy enough for almost anyone to do, even young children. The stove method is a little more advanced and not recommended for young children unless accompanied by an adult. Weve decided to give you a couple different ways to make your own homemade Ice cream because we know people may have the proper materials to make It one way, but maybe not the other. The bag method Is simpler and can be something fun to do with your friends, whereas the stove method may produce higher quality ice cream and be something youd do to challenge yourself in the itched. Ingredients/Materials: 1/2 cup milk (whole or 2% work best) or half and half 1/2 cup heavy cream (optional) 1/2 teaspoon vanilla 1 tablespoon sugar 4 cups Ice cubes or crushed Ice 4 tablespoons salt 2 quart-sized plastic food storage bags 1 gallon-sized plastic food storage bag A hand towel or winter gloves How to Make It: In one of the quart-sized bags combine the milk, sugar, and vanilla (and heavy cream if you want). Carefully squeeze as much air out of the bag as possible and seal it tightly. Excess air in the bag could cause it to open during the mixing process, which wouldnt be good. Put the bag of ingredients you just combined into the other quart- sized bag. Squeeze the air out of this bag as well and seal it. By double-bagging, there Is less of a chance of salt and water leaking Into your ice cream. Next, put the quart-sized bags Inside the gallon sized bag. It Is best to use a gallon-sized freezer and less likely to be punctured or torn open while making the ice cream. Once you have the smaller bags in the larger bag, add the ice and salt into the larger bag, covering and surrounding the small bags. You can use table salt for this, though Kosher or rock salt will work better for you. Squeeze the air out of this bag and seal it tightly. Elf youre using a towel wrap the towel around the bag. If not, put your gloves on. Then, shake and massage the mixture. Continue doing this until the ice cream is at the consistency you want. This will take about five to ten minutes to do. You can then remove the quart-sized bags from the gallon-sized bag and eat your ice cream. You may want to rinse the outer quart-sized bag to be sure the salt is off it and doesnt get into your ice cream. You can then eat your treat right out of the bag, put it into a bowl, or enjoy it in a cone.

Six common writing mistakes by first-time authors

Six common writing mistakes by first-time authors Six common writing mistakes by first-time authors, and how to fix them! Last updated: 07/10/2017Today, one oWhat other writing mistakes are authors prone to? And what is the best way to catch them? Let us know your thoughts, or any questions for Lourdes, in the comments below!

Leadrship Development and business Ethics Coursework - 2

Leadrship Development and business Ethics - Coursework Example Therefore, in order to mitigate the issue of malnutrition, WEP took varied types of initiatives such as concentration over the issue malnutrition in the year 2009 as well as high attention on the purchase of the products in 2008. These programs or initiatives are taken by WEP in order to reduce the negative impacts of malnutrition from the developing countries that may decrease the rate of deaths. Therefore, it might be clearly stated that as the issue of malnutrition took place due to lack of inappropriate nutrients in food materials, so it is also considered as an ethical one. However, in order to reduce the negative impacts of the ethical issue, discussed above numerous world famous companies such as Kraft Foods, Unilever and DSM joined hands with WEP in the program (Project laser Beam). The prime cause behind such type of cooperation of these above mentioned organizations is to offer hygienic foods materials. Hygienic food materials and clean drinking water may comprise of high in-tech of varied types of nutrients that might prove effective in reducing the rate of malnutrition from the developing countries to a considerable extent. However, in order to offer highly nutrient food materials, the organization of WEP also tried to produce best quality of plants. Only then, the program of WEP might become successful in offering best quality of products to the malnutrition children in various villages in the entire globe. Hence such type of holistic approach might also prove worthy in reducing the effects of HIV/Aids and TB from the malnutrition children in t he developing countries. Other than this, effective health-care programs are also offered to the children and women in schools and villages in order to improve their level of awareness over hygiene and cleanliness. By doing so, the rate of deaths might get reduced resulting in

Homoeostasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homoeostasis - Essay Example Hence, insulin helps to maintain the blood glucose at optimum level after a healthy person consumes a high sugar meal. The body will convert glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle into glucose to ensure there is enough blood glucose available to a healthy person when they have not had a meal for the twelve hours. The pancreas releases glucagon to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen. The muscle cells convert glycogen stored in the skeletal muscle. On the other hand, several enzymes catalyse the process of converting liver glycogen into glucose. Majorly, glycogen phosphorylase plays a huge role in the glycogen breakdown (Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer 2006, p. 434). After twenty-four hours of glucose deprivation, the body generates glucose from non-carbohydrate substrate through the process of gluconeogenesis (Berg, Tymoczko, and Stryer 2006, p. 458). The process occurs in the liver and utilises energy. The temperature control in the people with type 1 diabetes is paramount. The high temperatures generated by cycling can have adverse effects such as nerve damage to the person who forgets insulin injection. The body will attempt to lower the high temperatures caused by inability to sweat exhibited by type 1 diabetic patients (Petrofsky et al 2005, p. 3). Notably, the smooth muscles of blood vessels will dilate to increase the blood flow to the skin surface. The increased flow of blood to the surface will lead to the loss of the excess body

Psychological Contracts Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychological Contracts Paper - Essay Example Psychological contract is a term used to refer to the mutual relationship existing between organization and its employee in terms of reciprocal obligations and promises implied in the employment relationship. It is good to understand that these contracts fall under the category of promissory contracts. On the other hand, this mutual understanding is mainly subjective to person’s perceptual and cognitive limits. This contract comes into effect the moment when the physical i.e. employment offer contract is signed. It is worth noting that obligations under psychological contract unlike the physical contract are not signed rather they are implied. These obligations are merely promises and expectations. Thus, in general terms this contract refers to the mutual perceptions, beliefs and imprecise or informal responsibilities between an employee and an employer. Psychological contracts due to them being subject to emotional and social factors they are usually changeable in nature unli ke the physical employment contracts (Makin, Cooper & Cox1996 pp 3-6). Types of Psychological Contracts There are usually three types of psychological contracts. ... Finally, we have the the â€Å"hybrid† or balanced form of psychological contract which entails aspects of the two mentioned above contracts i.e. relational characteristics such as long-term mutual committments and also the transactional attributes such as the renegotiations and job roles and functions. Nature of Psychological Contracts These contracts are assumed dynamic, informal, voluntary and subjective in nature. They change in line with the changes occurring in relationship and expectations of both the employer and employee. There is usually no tangible agreement or contract; however, the following are deemed the obligations and components of this contract; The employees are anticipated to offer hard work, loyalty and commitment, or sacrifice while in employment. The organization is required to provide high pay, advancement, training and development, and job security Features of psychological Contracts a) It is a voluntary choice: A psychological contract is entered into voluntarily by the employee, afterwhich he will be motivated/obligated to fulfill his commitments to the employers organisation. b) There usually is a belief in mutual agreement: These psychological contract are based largely on the employee perceptions and understanding of the terms and conditions. Consequently, the employee offers his/her services relying on the pressumpton that the contract was mutually agreed upon in total disregard of the reality. c) Psychological contracts are Incomplete. These contracts evolve and change over the relation and period of employment unlike the physical contracts which are usually complete at the beggining of employment. d) Multiple

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 2

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references - Essay Example This essay is going to analyse the provision of duty of care in tort law. Law and Duty of Care A tort can be defined as a wrongdoing or action upon which damages can be brought or in other terms it is referred to as an act or omission by the defendant, which causes damage to the claimant. The important task of undertaking business activities requires adherence to regulations and laws. Tort law recognises a provision known as duty of care whereby the action of a person that amounts to negligence is punishable by the tort law. Duty of care emphasizes on the responsibility on the part of both or more parties as it relates to the involvement in a specific case or scenario. The principle of duty of care arises from previous cases as it relates to the tort law (Steele, 2007). For instance, the case of Anns v Merton LBC [1978] AC 728 (HL) whereby the judge Lord Wilberforce held that a two stage approach would be used in determining the care of duty. In this case the issue of prima facie in determining the relationship between claimant and defendant while the second approach focused on the scope of duty. Future cases in relation to the tort law, other approaches emerged in the determination of duty of care (Harpwood, 2000). The duty of care can also be exercised within the job industry since it causes a lot of problems for employers and employees. In the process of handing out references for current and former employees, duty of care should be exercised. Issues dealing with reference should be handled in a proper manner since misrepresentation of the employee or client results in tort. For instance if a former employer or institution affiliated to a specific person presents information such as misleading reference without proper notification to the employee then a tort has occurred (Koziol, 2009). In this essay we are going to look into such scenarios in relation to the University of Sussex and its current or former students. The University is large institution with a large student population and more frequently the university receives request to have the institution hand out references (Best, 2007). When references are handed out the university owes the third party a duty of care regarding the reference issued out on the former or current students. The University has to exercise high standards of professionalism and ensure that the duty of care is handled properly when it comes to handing out references. The issues that need to be looked into from a legal standpoint include the misstatement or misrepresentation. References handed out onto potential employers must not be inaccurate or misleading. Therefore the University of Sussex has to exercise care in handing out references since it is against the law to misrepresent information concerning current of former students (Magnus, 2004). A student enrolled in the University of Sussex enters into a contract with the university to undertake certain courses for a given period of time. This contract is subject to terms agreed in the contract and upon graduation the University can refer its students to potential employers (Steele, 2007). However, the University has to exercise care in the provision of information concerning its students. For instance, if the university refers a student to an employer through misrepresenting reference then the university can be sued under tort law for negligent misrepresentation. The University should understand the provision on duty of care with

The Role Of Cultural Policy On Organisational Management Dissertation

The Role Of Cultural Policy On Organisational Management - Dissertation Example The study will seek to determine the effects of cultural policy within an organization. The utilization of an exploratory design enables the research to conduct research and gather raw information from the identified sources. This will be fundamental in opening up the direction for further research within the field by other researchers. Different data collection methods will be utilized in collecting qualitative data, which will be utilized in making recommendations within the research. Primary data will be collected through interviews and questionnaires sent to individuals who will be selected through the utilization of random sampling methods. These questionnaires will contain both closed and open-ended questions which will be utilized in the collection of qualitative data. Secondary data will be collected from existing literature and published material from research conducted by other researchers within the same field of study. This information will be fundamental in providing gui delines for establishing the findings of the research. Qualitative approaches to data analysis will be utilized in seeking to analyze the collected data. Iteration will be continuously utilized during the data collection period in seeking to ensure the analysis process becomes simplified and reduce the data analysis time. After the interim data analysis, memoing of the data contained within the filled questionnaire will be performed in seeking to summarise the information contained within the data.

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 2

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the liability of employers for references - Essay Example This essay is going to analyse the provision of duty of care in tort law. Law and Duty of Care A tort can be defined as a wrongdoing or action upon which damages can be brought or in other terms it is referred to as an act or omission by the defendant, which causes damage to the claimant. The important task of undertaking business activities requires adherence to regulations and laws. Tort law recognises a provision known as duty of care whereby the action of a person that amounts to negligence is punishable by the tort law. Duty of care emphasizes on the responsibility on the part of both or more parties as it relates to the involvement in a specific case or scenario. The principle of duty of care arises from previous cases as it relates to the tort law (Steele, 2007). For instance, the case of Anns v Merton LBC [1978] AC 728 (HL) whereby the judge Lord Wilberforce held that a two stage approach would be used in determining the care of duty. In this case the issue of prima facie in determining the relationship between claimant and defendant while the second approach focused on the scope of duty. Future cases in relation to the tort law, other approaches emerged in the determination of duty of care (Harpwood, 2000). The duty of care can also be exercised within the job industry since it causes a lot of problems for employers and employees. In the process of handing out references for current and former employees, duty of care should be exercised. Issues dealing with reference should be handled in a proper manner since misrepresentation of the employee or client results in tort. For instance if a former employer or institution affiliated to a specific person presents information such as misleading reference without proper notification to the employee then a tort has occurred (Koziol, 2009). In this essay we are going to look into such scenarios in relation to the University of Sussex and its current or former students. The University is large institution with a large student population and more frequently the university receives request to have the institution hand out references (Best, 2007). When references are handed out the university owes the third party a duty of care regarding the reference issued out on the former or current students. The University has to exercise high standards of professionalism and ensure that the duty of care is handled properly when it comes to handing out references. The issues that need to be looked into from a legal standpoint include the misstatement or misrepresentation. References handed out onto potential employers must not be inaccurate or misleading. Therefore the University of Sussex has to exercise care in handing out references since it is against the law to misrepresent information concerning current of former students (Magnus, 2004). A student enrolled in the University of Sussex enters into a contract with the university to undertake certain courses for a given period of time. This contract is subject to terms agreed in the contract and upon graduation the University can refer its students to potential employers (Steele, 2007). However, the University has to exercise care in the provision of information concerning its students. For instance, if the university refers a student to an employer through misrepresenting reference then the university can be sued under tort law for negligent misrepresentation. The University should understand the provision on duty of care with

Business ethic and CSR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business ethic and CSR - Essay Example The paper also maintains that positive correlation between CSR expenditure and future performance of the firm is different from what it is usually taken for because such studies usually don’t take the factor of management’s private information in consideration. And in essence these disclosures are signals by which firms communicate their private information of bright future prospects to the outside world. They maintain that charity hypothesis for CSR expenditure is not linked with the future performance of the firm though it may be linked with current period performance. Investment hypothesis and Signal hypothesis (i.e. either CSR expenditure are investments or communications of bright future prospects) are both positively linked with the future performance of the firm. But their positive relation is of mutually different nature. Their methodological innovation to test and differentiate between investment and their cherished signaling hypothesis lies in their splitting the CSR expenditure further down in investment related and non investment related components. If CSR spending is good investment then there should be positive relation between its investment component (optimal CSR expenditure) and its future performance. And if it’s not some investment endure but a signaling of better future prospects then there will be positive association between firm’s deviation from the optimum and its future performance. Although authors recognize that effects of optimal expenditure and deviation from it are not mutually exclusive as both can have positive association with the future performance. Through this methodology authors come up with their first result that CSR expenditures has a positive association with the future performance of the firm measured mainly through the change in the operating cash flow and ROA. When this relation is established authors then refute the Charity hypothesis regarding CSR expenditures. For if CSR spending are cha rity then these should not affect the future performance of the firm. Next, authors undertake the differential impact of optimal and deviational components of CSR on the future performance of the firm. Their striking conclusion entails that improved future performance of the firm, on average, is linked with the deviational CSR expenditure rather than optimal CSR. Further by their size adjusted returns tests they conclude that, on average, optimal CSR results in the decline of share holder value and the overall positive impact on the firm value is the result of signaling value of CSR expenditure. And with result authors refute the investment hypothesis of CSR while maintaining that for this hypothesis to hold firm it was required that optimal CSR should result in the increased performance of the firm. With their findings authors of the paper point to a new horizon in corporate literature regarding the true purpose of CSR expenditures and disclosures. Most important breakthrough that their work offers is the signaling value of CSR expenditure. This avenue of signaling worth of CSR disclosures has been usually neglected. Thus their discovery will add new angle to the relation of CSR expenditure and future performance of the firm. Their finding also highlights the phenomena that CSR expenditures are taken by the firms when they feel that their future prospects are bright and in coming

The Techniques Used in American Beauty Essay Example for Free

The Techniques Used in American Beauty Essay Throughout American Beauty, Mendes? use of set design and camera angles have been carefully structured to emphathise the ? lm? s theme of imprisonment. In the opening scene the audience? s introduction to the lead character is Lester Burnham taking a shower. Mendes (1999) states this is the ? rst jail cell the audience sees Lester in, a range of various jail cell type settings appear throughout the ? lm including Lester presented excessively behind glass, between frames and at work, where he is con? ned to a small cubicle in a very large of? ce (Appalachian, 2009). The effect of Lester imprisoned suggests he is isolated and removed from the world around him. The camera angles used exaggerate this and highlight Lester? s de? ation of power against the signi? cant people in his life. This technique is shown to de? ne the relationship between Lester and his boss, Brad. During a private conversation about budget cuts at work, Brad? s superiority is enforced as he shot from a low angle, whereas Lester is shot from a high angle, this creates the effect that Lester is far away from Brad, which demonstrates to the audience the vast power Brad has over him. Mendes (1999) describes Lester as â€Å"distant and isolated† in this scene. This technique is also replicated throughout the movie to emphathise Lester? s detached relationship from his wife, Carolyn and daughter, Jane. The scene where Lester is seen to delay his wife by spilling his briefcase on the pavement before entering the car, Carolyn, similarly to Brad is shot from a low angle again which enforces Lester? s lack of power and her superiority. Interestingly, as the ? lm progresses and Lester? relationships evolve, the camera angles also evolve in reverse and the audience begins to see Lester shot in a low angle and characters like Carolyn are shot in a high angle, indicating that Carolyn is now vulnerable. These altered camera angles give Lester a triumphant image. Another technique Mendes uses is colour. The use of colour is often an important technique utilised by ? lm directors to communicate themes and ideas to an audience. In American Beauty, Mendes powerfully uses colour to communicate that the characters are attempting to escape from their imprisonment. Initially the characters are seen in environments that are very dull and nondescript, as Mendes (1999) states when referring to Lester? s work setting. As Lester? s quest for escapement gains momentum, the vivid colour of red is gradually introduced more into this ? lm through subtle furnishings in the Burnham house and particularly integrated with Lester? s sexual fantasies. The use of the vibrant, red rose petal is ? rst introduced when Lester and Carolyn attend Jane? s cheer performance, where Lester loses himself as he enters his ? rst â€Å"tunnel of fantasy† (Mendes, 1999). Deschler (1999) states the rose is symbolic of American beauty, and the colour red symbolises passion and love. The signi? cance of the rose petal and the colour red is repeatedly seen throughout the ? lm in house furnishings such as a bouquet of roses on the coffee table and vividly in Lester? s fantasies about Jane? s friend, Angela, the increasing level of red in the ? lm is in conjunction with Lester? s progressing sexual drive and transformation. The ? ourishing presence of the colour red, acknowledges Lester? s ? erce lust and desire to be free. This is effectively conveyed during the scene where Lester visualises Angela in a vibrant sea of roses, touching herself seductively on his bedroom ceiling, also when Lester buys the car â€Å"he has always wanted† (Ball, 1999), which is a 1970 Firebird and strategically, red. Music is a powerful medium in ? lm and Mendes uses the soundtrack in American Beauty to articulate the character? s evolving personalities and relationships, and to set the tone of each scene, particularly noticeable during Lester? s transformation. Composer, Thomas Newman? score is described as â€Å"lonely and melancholy† (Mendes, 1999), which is an appropriate expression for Lester? s existence at the beginning of this ? lm. This is similarly demonstrated and supports to de? ne the initial relationship between Lester and Carolyn, as shown by the dull music that Carolyn chooses to play at the dinner table. When Lester? s journey to freedom gains speed, evidently his sense of self worth has increased as there is an optimistic lift in the genre of music that is played as the backdrop to Lester? s life. This melancholy music played at the beginning of the ? m, begins to disappear and is replaced by fast paced, rock music. Simultaneously as Lester? s lifestyle transforms into marijuana smoking and employment at a fast food restaurant, so does too his interest in listening to seventies rock music (Deschler, 1999). At the height of Lester? s transformation, an important scene where the soundtrack effectively communicates a liberating change in personality is when he is recklessly driving his 1970 Firebird, whilst singing along to Guess Who? s rock hit â€Å"American Woman,† he con? dently sings the lyrics â€Å"American woman, stay away from me† (Ball, 2009). This rebellious choice of song supports Lester? s new found freedom from his corporate life and could even suggest that Lester is newly unaffected by his wife? s judgements and bounds by recreating his lost youth. In many of the fantasy sequences involving Angela, the music composed is seductive and trancelike, which mirror? s the effect Angela has on Lester (Huffstutler, 2009), the technique of soundtrack is effectively used here to set a strong tone for the audience. In American Beauty, director, Sam Mendes uses the Burnham family to demonstrate the breakdown of a suburban family and possibly to encourage his audience to ? ook closer? and past what often appears, to be a seamless, picture perfect life. American Beauty effectively employs the techniques of set design, camera angles, colour and soundtrack to convey the meaning of this ? lm, which is to escape from imprisonment.

Cash Flow Statements: Indirect Method

Cash Flow Statements: Indirect Method a) International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7) lays down the standards expected by companies when presenting information about changes in cash or cash equivalents. Under IAS 7, a company is required to present a statement of cash flow showing the changes in cash and cash equivalents from the three key areas of operating, investing and financing (Wheetman, 2006)[1]. The definition of cash and cash equivalents includes cash, as well as any other investments that are considered high liquidity and can be easily converted into a known amount of cash. When presenting cash flow statements, there are two main ways that are recognised by IAS 7: direct and indirect, although a preference is shown for the direct method. The direct method involves reporting the cash flow gross, as it happens, so that all cash out and all cash in are simply taken gross without any adjustments made for other factors. On the other hand, the indirect method shows the net cash flows once all other factors have been taken into account. It is not necessary for companies to use the direct method and due to the costly process of looking through all receipts and expenses, it is much more common for companies to use the indirect method (Schwartz, 1996)[2] . b) China World Limited (CWL), as is the case with many large companies, has opted to report its cash flow statements in an indirect way. The cash flow statement in the published accounts year ended 31st December 2007 reflects this choice fully; however, there is no discussion as to why the direct method was not used. During the preparation of the accounts, CWL has made several assumptions in order to produces the cash flow statements. For example, depreciation is accounted for during the cash flow statement, as it is not a true expense. When the profit figure, which is the starting point for the cash flow statements, is calculated, the depreciation is taken into account based on the depreciation policies being followed by the company. In the case of CWL, the property owned by the company is depreciated over 20 years, fixtures and fittings over a range of 5 to 10 years and motor vehicles over a period of 5 years. As these amounts are merely policy choices and are done on a straight line method, the actual amount allocated to depreciation has no immediate bearing on the actual cash flow statement and is, therefore, added back on to the ultimate net profit figure during the indirect method calculation. A similar approach is taken with amortisation of intangible assets where the initial costs of thes e assets are spread across the expected life span of the asset. This is not an actual cash movement and is, therefore, added back on to the final profit figure during the cash flow statement (Mills, 1991)[3]. Additional adjustments are then made to include cash based transactions such as interest receivable in an attempt to show a truly accurate picture of cash flow movement. Changes in inventory levels are assumed to reflect the amount of cash available, directly. This is not necessarily the case and it is merely an assumption that CWL has made for the benefit of the cash flow statement (Mills Yanamura, 1998)[4]. Other assumptions that have been made are likely to have an impact on the cash flow. For example, when calculating the net profits, there is an allowance made for bad debtors. This figure is purely an estimate based on previous experiences and the perceived risks associated with the various creditors that are related to the company at any time. In using the indirect method, these assumptions will still bear some relevance to the bottom line, meaning that a change of policy or assumption can have a direct impact on the way in which the cash flow statement looks (Barth, 2006)[5]. As CWL has international operations, it has to deal with the currency fluctuations that occur throughout the year. As the consolidated accounts are presented in pounds sterling, cash values in local currency need to be converted at the exchange rate between the country in which the transaction occurs and British sterling. CWL takes the approach of averaging the exchange rate over the period in which the transactions took place. This assumption is necessary as it simply is not possible to take an accurate exchange rate at the exact point in which a transaction is undertaken. However, it does have a potentially misleading impact on the cash flow statement. Appendix 1 contains a copy of CWL’s accounts as they would appear, had the direct cash flow approach been taken. c) The cash flow statement is merely one aspect of the financial analysis of the company’s financial status. Although cash flow and the liquidity of the company is vital in the overall health of the company, it is not the only measure of success. Firstly, let us consider the liquidity of the liquidity position of CWL. One of the most commonly used ratios is that of the liquidity ratio known as the current ratio. This shows the company’s ability to meet its current liabilities with its current assets. For true financial health, a company wishes to see a ratio that is as high as possible, and at an absolute minimum at least 1:1. In the case of CWL the ratio in 2007 was 1.905, which in itself is particularly healthy and is even healthier when it is compared with the previous year’s figure of 1.734. This increase in the current ratio is primarily due to better management of the money owed by creditors to the company. A further liquidity test is that of the acid test, which is similar in nature to the current ratio but shows a much starker picture as it looks at the ability of the company to meet its current liabilities purely by the use of cash or cash equivalents. In reality, this is a more realistic view of the company’s liquidity position as its main aim is to be able to pay any liabilities that are imminently due, without the need to cash in any other assets, even if they are considered current. In analysing the acid ratio, it is possible to see a different picture of CWL. Although the current ratio shows a particularly healthy liquidity position, it is clear that much of the current assets of CWL are tied up in inventories or in receivables (Chirinko Schaller, 1995) [6]. CWL should aim to manage receivables and inventories better in order to bring the quick ratio closer to the desirable 1:1 position. Although the figure of 0.508 falls considerably short of this ideal ratio, it is a v ast improvement on the 2006 figure of 0.383. As well as liquidity the profitability of the company should be considered. This is the view of how well the company is using its assets to produce a suitable rate of return. The main profitability ratio is that of gross profit margin. As CWL is a manufacturing based company, it is expected that the figure will be at the lower end of the scale; however, the figure of 35.95% is relatively healthy and shows a good rate of profit. Despite this, attention should be given to the cost of sales relative to revenues as they have dropped substantially since 2006 where the figure was 50.19%. This could be attributed to the acquisition of a new subsidiary. Therefore, it is anticipated that, in time, better use of the cost of sales will be made and the gross profit margin will recover to a figure closer to 50%. A final ratio of importance is that of the return on equity. As CWL relies heavily on the shareholders’ equity, it is of considerable importance whether or not the shareholders are receiving a good return on their investment. In its broadest terms, the return on equity ratio shows how much return the company is generating in return for every pound that is put into the company. As a general rule, the higher the return on equity ratio, the better the company is doing, although it should be noted that some companies that require little in the way of financial investment such as consulting firms will almost always have a better return on equity ratio than manufacturing firms such as CWL (Costales Szurovy, 1994)[7]. Once again, in studying the return of equity in relation to CWL, a downward trend between 2006 and 2007 can be seen. This is almost entirely due to the new acquisitions. Therefore, the direct investment in the consolidated company is considerably higher; yet, there has been insufficient time to allow this cash injection to be suitably used to generate increased returns. In a similar way to the gross profit margin, it would be expected that this figure would return to the 2006 figure rapidly and would in the long term be an improvement on the 2006 figures. It should be noted that when looking at these ratios the consolidated accounts have been used. There was a large acquisition made during the year within the group and this has had an impact on the ratios, during 2007. The overall health of the company in terms of liquidity and profitability is good and the slight apparent wobble in the figures will be reversed in the years to come due to the increasing investments being put into the ongoing expansion of the company. The calculations and details of the ratios referred to above are contained in Appendix 2. Appendix 1  Direct Cash Flow Cash flows from operating activities Cash receipts from customers 2,336,967 Cash paid to suppliers and employees (1,496,917) Cash generated from operations (sum) 840,050 Interest paid (8,615) Income taxes paid (52,188) Net cash flows from operating activities 779,247 Cash flows from investing activities Proceeds from the sale of equipment/assets (60,247) Interest received 3,336 Acquisition of subsidiaries (88,209) Net cash flows from investing activities (145,120) Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary share capital 202,500 Costs of issue (13,750) Investment from minority interests 48,360 Interest paid (8,615) Proceeds from bank borrowings 138,172 Net cash flows from financing activities  366,667 Appendix 2 – Ratios Relating to CWL Ratio Calculation Figures Result Current ratio 2007 Current assets / current liabilities 2,284,972 / 1,199,264 1.905 Current ratio 2006 Current assets / current liabilities 1,187,951 / 684,896 1.734 Quick Ratio 2007 Current assets (cash equivalents) / Current liabilities 609,391 / 1,199,264 0.508 Quick Ratio 2006 Current assets (cash equivalents) / Current liabilities 262,080 / 684,896 0.383 Gross Profit Margin 2007 (Revenue Cost of sales) / Revenue (2,336,967 -1,496,917) / 2,336,967 35.95% Gross Profit Margin 2006 (Revenue Cost of sales) / Revenue (1,064,479 530,234) / 1,064,479 50.19% Return on Equity 2007 Net income / total equity 266,372 / 3,148,576 8.46% Return on Equity 2006 Net income / total equity 155,506 / 1,133,966 13.71% Bibliography Barth, Mary E., Including Estimates of the Future in Todays Financial Statements, Accounting Horizons, Vol. 20, 2006 Carslaw, Charles A., Mills, John R., Developing Ratios for Effective Cash Flow Statement Analysis, Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 172, 1991 Chirinko, Robert S., Schaller, Huntley, Why Does Liquidity Matter in Investment Equations? Journal of Money, Credit Banking, Vol. 27, 1995 Costales, S.B., Szurovy, Geza, The Guide to Understanding Financial Statements, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1994 Elliott, Barry, Elliott, Jamie, Financial Accounting, Reporting and Analysis: International Edition, Pearson Education, 2006 Mills, John R., Yamamura, Jeanne H., The Power of Cash Flow Ratios, Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 186, 1998 Schwartz, Donald, The Future of Financial Accounting: Universal Standards,  Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 181, 1996 Shim, Jae K., Siegel, Joel G., Financial Management, Barrons Educational Series, 2000 Weetman, Pauline, Financial Accounting: An Introduction, Pearson Education, 2006 Footnotes [1] Weetman, Pauline, Financial Accounting: An Introduction, Pearson Education, 2006 [2] Schwartz, Donald, The Future of Financial Accounting: Universal Standards, Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 181, 1996 [3] Carslaw, Charles A., Mills, John R., Developing Ratios for Effective Cash Flow Statement Analysis, Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 172, 1991 [4] Mills, John R., Yamamura, Jeanne H., The Power of Cash Flow Ratios, Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 186, 1998 [5] Barth, Mary E., Including Estimates of the Future in Todays Financial Statements, Accounting Horizons, Vol. 20, 2006 [6] Chirinko, Robert S., Schaller, Huntley, Why Does Liquidity Matter in Investment Equations? Journal of Money, Credit Banking, Vol. 27, 1995 [7] Costales, S.B., Szurovy, Geza, The Guide to Understanding Financial Statements, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1994

Great Gatsby :: essays papers

Great Gatsby Through the interactions between male and female characters, Fitzgerald depicts a variety of social expectations regarding "typical" male behavior in the 1920's. In the novel The Great Gatsby, characters such as Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, George Wilson and Nick Carraway demonstrate behavior that acts to maintain and live up to expectations inherent in society. Through their controlling ways, these characters strive to define the "typical" man in the 1920's. The notion that a man's success can be measured by his possessions becomes evident through the actions of Tom, Gatsby and Wilson. These characters strive to obtain more than just material possessions. For example, Tom seems to view the women in his life as mere possessions, a sign of his success and wealth. His attitude and interactions with Daisy, his wife, and Myrtle, his mistress, demonstrate this. Through out the story, Tom does not show respect or genuine caring for either woman. Rather, he commits open adultery with Myrtle. Tom makes this affair public because it is just another way of showing-off, another of his possessions and thus boosting his ego. Tom does this without regard for the shame his affairs may bring onto his wife. Daisy comes to represent a treasured and sought possession for both Tom and Gatsby. Although on the surface it appears that Gatsby has an ever-lasting love for Daisy, I feel that his longing for Daisy stems from his need to recapture a possession which he lost during his youth. Nick comments "He talked a lot about the past and I gathered that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy". Furthermore by possessing Daisy's love, Gatsby can reject defeat and feel successful as a man. In the novel, Gatsby goes as far as to view the green light as a symbolic way of holding onto his possession and keeping Daisy in some way close to him. After obtaining his dream of being reunited with Daisy, the green light begins to lose its symbolic strength. "Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one". Now that the realization of his dream has begun, Gatsby needs to feel a greater sense of possession or control over Daisy. He may feel the need to obtain another enchanted object to replace the loss of the symbolic meaning of the light. Now the only enchanted object which he is left to obtain is Daisy's complete and everlasting. Great Gatsby :: essays papers Great Gatsby Through the interactions between male and female characters, Fitzgerald depicts a variety of social expectations regarding "typical" male behavior in the 1920's. In the novel The Great Gatsby, characters such as Tom Buchanan, Jay Gatsby, George Wilson and Nick Carraway demonstrate behavior that acts to maintain and live up to expectations inherent in society. Through their controlling ways, these characters strive to define the "typical" man in the 1920's. The notion that a man's success can be measured by his possessions becomes evident through the actions of Tom, Gatsby and Wilson. These characters strive to obtain more than just material possessions. For example, Tom seems to view the women in his life as mere possessions, a sign of his success and wealth. His attitude and interactions with Daisy, his wife, and Myrtle, his mistress, demonstrate this. Through out the story, Tom does not show respect or genuine caring for either woman. Rather, he commits open adultery with Myrtle. Tom makes this affair public because it is just another way of showing-off, another of his possessions and thus boosting his ego. Tom does this without regard for the shame his affairs may bring onto his wife. Daisy comes to represent a treasured and sought possession for both Tom and Gatsby. Although on the surface it appears that Gatsby has an ever-lasting love for Daisy, I feel that his longing for Daisy stems from his need to recapture a possession which he lost during his youth. Nick comments "He talked a lot about the past and I gathered that he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy". Furthermore by possessing Daisy's love, Gatsby can reject defeat and feel successful as a man. In the novel, Gatsby goes as far as to view the green light as a symbolic way of holding onto his possession and keeping Daisy in some way close to him. After obtaining his dream of being reunited with Daisy, the green light begins to lose its symbolic strength. "Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one". Now that the realization of his dream has begun, Gatsby needs to feel a greater sense of possession or control over Daisy. He may feel the need to obtain another enchanted object to replace the loss of the symbolic meaning of the light. Now the only enchanted object which he is left to obtain is Daisy's complete and everlasting.

Patient Report :: Medical Report

FINDINGS: Severe right-sided chest pain. The __ reported a friction rub. A PM lateral showed questionable mediastinal adenopathy. The patient had no cough or sputum production of ___. CT scan in ___ showed a possibility of a 1x2 cm right paratrachial lymphnode. Several smaller anteromediastinal lymphnodes which were all less than 1 cm were also evaluated. The patient was treated with Indocen with relief of her chest pain. ___ level was 64.5 with a ___ 50. PPD was negative, controls were positive. The CT of the abdomen showed normal liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, adrenals, uterus, a left ovarian cyst, a large gall stone neck of the gall bladder, no adenopathy and her mammogram was within normal limits. The patient reports band-like ache around her right chest with changes in pain with cough and deep breathing. There is no change in position. The patient reports increased shortness of breath with exertion over the past 5 months. No nausea, vomiting, fevers, chills, night sweats, abdominal pains, urinary complaints, kidney stones, diarrhea, ___ melena, headache, visual complaints or rash. PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: Unremarkable. PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: Remarkable for tubal ligation. SHE HAS NO KNOWN DRUG ALLERGIES. MEDICINES ON ADMISSION: Indocin 25-50 mg p.o. q.8 hours and Anaprax 270 mg p.o. b.i.d. The patient drinks alcohol only rarely and smokes regularly. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Weight of 231 pounds, temperature 98.6, heartrate 60, respiratory rate 24, blood pressure 110/70. HEENT examination was unremarkable. The neck was supple without masses, adenopathy or bruits. The lungs showed small diffuse wheezes, but was otherwise without abnormality. Cardiovascular examination revealed a regular rate and rhythm, normal S1 and S2. Questionably slight change in the S1 with the __ maneuver and a questionable 1/6 systolic ejection murmur heard best at the lower sternal border. The abdomen was obese, showed bowel sounds in all quadrants, soft and nontender. It was difficult to tell if there was organomegaly. Extremities showed no clubbing, cyanosis or edema. Neurologically, the patient was normal. LABORATORY DATA: Show a white count of 8, hemoglobin 14.5, hematocrit 42.5, platelets 326,000, sodium 139, potassium 4.9, chloride 104, CO2 26, glucose 105, creatinine 0.8 and BUN of 17. Please see consolidated lab flow sheet for lab data regarding this patient. HOSPITAL COURSE: Patient was admitted in ____ evaluations as well as consultation from pulmonology service. Pulmonology service recommended the patient undergo bronchoscopy which was performed.

Functionalist and Conflict theories Essay

Sociology is the study of society and the behaviour patterns of a particular group or culture. In contemporary Australian society, a good understanding of this is needed in order to make better social changes to meet social needs. When it comes to trying to explain and understand society, there are two main points of view that a person can take. These are the functionalist view, which is largely based on works by Talcott Parsons, and the conflict view, sometimes referred to as Marxism, as Karl Marx made a significant contribution towards this theory. Although in most ways these views directly oppose each other, ultimately, they are both trying to do the same thing, that is, explain why society is like it is today. Functionalists see society in a relatively optimistic way. They see groups as interdependent, working together for the good of the whole society. They claim that organisations and groups are largely benevolent, and that they are there for useful purposes. A person who takes the functionalist perspective sees society as generally operating smoothly, and perceives that very little change is needed, as groups being interrelated means that change in one area will have an effect on the whole society. The functionalist view, while useful in explaining structures and functions of various groups in society, tends to gloss over the negative aspects of society, over-explaining them so that happenings which could have a large negative impact on society seem trivial and unimportant. Where consensus is not happening, it is the conflict view that has the better explanation. Read more: Functionalist Perspective on Social Media The conflict theory perceives society as stratified, that is, having significant divisions. It puts forward a more challenging, questioning view on society. People who support this view claim that in every institution there are some people with more power, opportunities and status than others. This view is about inequalities, disagreement, and the use of power to advantage some while disadvantaging others. The conflict theory is the direct opposite of functionalism in that it focuses on the negative aspects of society, and even when something is functioning relatively well, conflict theorists tend to analyse it until they do find something wrong, making a mountain out of a metaphoric molehill. So while the functionalist theory and the conflict theory are two extremes of sociological thinking, it is not necessary to take the view of either one or the other. Very rarely are situations clearly black and white. Most often, if not always, there are many shades of grey in between. Therefore it is important to take on the perspective of both theories, and figure out which aspect of a particular situation applies to which theory. A good example of just how much the two opposing views differ is to apply them both to the universal institution, the family. Functionalists see the family as a vital institution that is needed to carry out several important functions. These functions are:  ¨Regulating sexual behaviour and reproduction  ¨Socialising children  ¨Protecting children and the elderly  ¨Providing emotional support and affection for its members  ¨Serving as an important consumption unit for society’s products (Earle and Fopp, 1999) These functions generally still work well in the cases of socialisation and reproduction, care of the children and the elderly, and as an economic unit, earning and consuming. However in today’s society, where there is an increasing amount of domestic abuse as well as working single parents or two working parents, members of a family aren’t always able to provide emotional support and affection for other members. Also in today’s modern society there are a great amount of people having sex before marriage, and an alarmingly large amount of teenage pregnancy. Therefore families are not carrying out the function of regulating sexual behaviour and reproduction as much as they were twenty or thirty years ago. Functionalists often use biological comparisons, claiming that a family is like an organism, with each member having a particular role. These roles are considered natural, and must be carried out for the good of the whole family. These roles involve men going out into the workforce and taking economic leadership while the women stay at home looking after her children and husband and doing all the housework. The functionalist theory claims the nuclear family as the ‘norm’. The nuclear family consists of two parents, one of each gender, and their children living together in one household. Although this structure is still fairly typical of today’s society, it was much more prevalent in the 1950’s. Today there are many variations of the family, and only about half of families are nuclear. With divorce and single parent families steadily on the rise, and women wanting the same rights as men, functionalists are having to come up with ways to explain these occurrences. For example, with divorce, a functionalist would argue that divorce is a good thing because it means that when people marry the second time round they will have more experience and it will be more likely to last. However, this theory is considered outdated. In today’s society with a rising economy more and more women are going out into the workforce. But this extra role does not mean giving up their other role as carer. Women end up taking on two roles – that of the carer and the housewife, as well as that of a worker. This is becoming undesirable for women, making them reluctant to marry. The functionalist theory fails to take into consideration the simple fact that things change. And where the functionalist theory doesn’t quite apply, the conflict theory has the better explanation. The conflict view sees traditional roles in families as limiting women’s lives to caring for their husband and children. They claim that this arrangement is not biological at all, but socially constructed, that is, created by people. These roles have been around and accepted for so long that they seem natural, but the conflict view argues that in actual fact people have been trained over many years into thinking this way. The conflict theory emphasises disagreement and struggle as a part of any human group. Conflict theorists say that in any group there will be status issues, something will be unfair, and the power will be divided – some will give orders, others will obey. This applies to the family in that it is often, if not always, the parents giving orders to their children/teenagers, who are supposed to obey. Also, even in today’s changing society, men still often have more power than their wives. In modern Australian society, there are demographic changes in family form, and family households are considerably smaller. The changes in family arrangement and in family values have important consequences for the family as an institution. Fewer women are having large families and the marriage rate has declined, largely because of changes in attitudes to marriage and living arrangements. There is an increasing amount of not only de facto relationships, but also in the social acceptance of these relationships. The divorce rate has also increased, which then in turn influences the number of blended as well as single parent families. The conflict theory addresses these issues, and asks the important question ‘what needs to be changed in order for the family unit to survive?’ On the other hand, the functionalist theory tries to explain why these things are happening and how they benefit society. Both the functionalist and conflict theories raise some very valid and important points. Functionalism sometimes has a tendency to focus on the past, while the conflict theory places a bigger emphasis on the present. However, both theories are needed if the family is to survive in the future.

Reflection Paper on Descartes

Joe Niro History 113 Descartes Reflection Paper Descartes was a very intelligent man and was knowledgeable in many subjects. One of which was his understanding of reason. One might ask themselves, â€Å"What is Reason? † According to Descartes, the ability to reason is a human trait that does not differ from person to person. He believed that everyone had the same ability to reason rationally. It is one’s prior opinions, knowledge, and teachings of a subject that causes a difference in our reactions and results. 1 Descartes discussed that in order for him to reason, he would first clear his mind of all past knowledge.He believed that this would rid him of any bias and prior opinions he might have on a matter to better understand and reason. He would base his reason solely on facts provided as evidence. Descartes also did not force his thought on reasoning upon anyone else. He would merely write his own approach in which he would follow to reason. 2 He set four rules to be followed. 3 His first rule was that he would not accept anything to be true unless presented with evidence to support the claim, whatever that claims may be.His second rule was that he would divide the two sides of an argument or claim in as many ways as possible to sufficiently reason. Descartes would then, as his third rule states, view each claim step by step, starting with the easiest thought to comprehend, then progressively and chronologically view more of each claim. His final rule was to not omit anything or any view. Instead he would view everything as plausible and, by following all prior steps, would then be able to reason and make a definite conclusion.The real key statement Descartes was making about reason is that it is of the human’s decision as to what the logical reasoning is for something. It is our own past experiences and views that cause a difference in opinion and reason. In order to view reason as Descartes had, one must open one’s mind to man y possibilities. In comparison to a glass of water; one cannot possibly fill an already full glass, and one can only fill a half full glass so much. To fill said glass, the glass must be empty. Same is to Descartes’ definition of reason. One must first empty their mind in order to understand and reason.Nothing is concrete and all is plausible. This is Descartes’ definition of reason. Hume’s is another philosopher who made a stand on the definition of reason. He saw that there was a distinct different between a â€Å"relation of ideas† and a â€Å"matter of fact. † If viewing with an open mind as Descartes would support, ones’ claims may not be supported with sufficient evidence, but that alone does not disprove that claim, however, is therefore an idea. A matter of fact would be a claim that is supported by sufficient evidence that can support that claim legitimately.

Sources of Power in Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sources of Power in Organization - Essay Example According to Murphy and Willmott (2010), power is needed to direct the system because it has a formal chain of command in which some responsibilities are essential regardless of the performers. Moreover, some positions in an organization have access to greater resources or their contribution is crucial. Therefore, the significant of power processes in the organization is attributed to the organizational relationships, both vertical and horizontal (Miller, 2008). Sources of Power According to Daft and Marci (2010), leaders at all levels in the organization access power that sometimes end up unrecognized or underused. The leaders may have the power of expertise where influences are as a result of improving and communicating specialized ideas. It comes from the superiors’ credibility with lower level employees, and the experience of work a person has worked in the firm is significant. Moreover, the education qualifications, and perception that an individual has extra ideas on a specific topic can also be the source of expert power. For instance, a lower level secretary may have expert power because he or she has extra details about how the company operates. Meanwhile, she or he can make suggestions on how to increase income via costs reimbursements. However, expert power may result in the ethical problems when it is used to manipulate others or used to obtain an unfair advantage. For instance, accounting firm may obtain additional revenue by ignoring the importance of the accuracy of financial reports that they examine in an audit. Daft and Marci (2010) indicate that referent power may occur when one person perceives that his or her goals are related to another person in the organization. ... The second person may opt to influence the first to take actions that will allow both to attain their objectives. Because they share the same interests, the first person will perceive the other’s use of referent power as beneficial. However, for this power to effective some kind of empathy must exist between the parties. Griffin and Moorhead (2011) claim that identification with others assists to enhance the decision maker’s confidence that increase individual referent power in the organization. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2011), reward power is the situation where individual’s ability to influence the behavior of others by offering them something desirable. Reward power could encourage persons to be selfish and not in the interest of others. Daft and Lane (2005) indicate that coercive is a source of power that is the opposite of reward power. Many organizations have used a system whereby they systematically sack the lowest performing employees in the orga nization on an annual basis. Â  According to Daft and Lane (2005), coercion is used in the situation where there is an inequality of power. It is perceived that an individual who are faced with coercion issues may seek a counterbalance by creating relationships with others, and powerful people end up leaving the organization. Thus, in the organization that practices the coercion power, the alignments usually come to an end in the long run (Champoux, 2010). Murphy and Willmott (2010) indicate that power in the organization can be exercised in various ways that include upward, downward and horizontally. In an organization, a large amount of power is distributed to top managers by the organization system. However, employees also obtain unequal power to their formal positions and exercise

Response 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response 2 - Assignment Example The information in the EHR applies even when there is patient transfer between different healthcare facilities. The post shows clearly that the availability of previous patient information to the health care providers may limit some danger hence improving life expectancy in the society. The article gives instances where the use of informatics in accessing healthcare records is important in providing quality services and making a decision. The use of the electronic healthcare records has become crucial in improving services to the patients. Electronic healthcare records (EHR) mainly include previous medical information of the patient to assist especially nurses in providing better healthcare through decisions and services. Achievement of these quality services is through minimal errors in making fast decisions. The article also mentions the achievements of the EHR in upholding the patients’ privacy. However, the author fails to mention the importance of EHR in the follow-up of patient actions and efficiency in minimization of labor. The follow-ups may include appointments to the doctors or recovery process. The post acknowledges the contribution of EHR in improving services in the healthcare

Nuclear Terrorism Cons & Risks - United States Essay

Nuclear Terrorism Cons & Risks - United States - Essay Example In the eve of Nuclear Security Summit in April 2010, President Barrack Obama pronounced the prospect of nuclear terrorism as the biggest threat to US security in long term, medium term and short term (Michael, 2012). Equally, in the final report of 2011, the Commission reported the threat from terrorists armed with a weapon of mass destruction as the greatest danger faced by America. The Union of Concerned Scientists considers the development of nuclear items as the biggest long-term threat facing the US and International security nowadays. Fenopetov, et.al (2011) noted that the efforts by various countries of the post-soviet space and those extra-regional actors to form an inclusive, cooperative security structure that can deal with new postmodern threats have very little success. Nuclear pose both direct and indirect threats to US security. Direct threats to US security start from the proliferation, nuclear terrorism, unauthorized or inadvertent use and risk of accidents (Below, 2009). The US has several licensed nuclear power reactors that generate a certain percentage of the total energy consumed in the US. The location of several nuclear reactors is near large population centers. Many experts consider US nuclear reactors to be of high-value aim for a terrorist resolute to perpetrate large-scale death and destruction in the United States. A report commissioned by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) showed security vulnerability associated with the energy system. The report noted that the close location to population centers makes those centers prime candidates for strategic nuclear targeting or conventional bombing. Currently, nuclear proliferation is another pressing threat. Mostly those countries that have differences with the US and its allies are likely to acquire nuclear weapons. In pursuit of their ambitions, countries such as Iran and North Korea have violated the non-proliferation duties and defied the

Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Essay

Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations - Essay Example The plain view exception indicates that the search warrant holders should seize evidence in plain view. No warrant is needed to seize evidence that is in view. However, in computer devices, this is not applicable. Courts have generally held that law enforcers are entitled to search the entire computing device for evidence in the case of a crime. The law enforcers are encouraged to look for information in the entire device by reviewing every file in the computer. This is major because of the ease with which files in a computer can be camouflaged or hidden in different kinds of names and extensions. Assume that the courts in your jurisdiction are considering requiring a judicially approved ‘search protocol’ before a judge will sign a search warrant authorizing a search of any computer device. Computers can be used to manipulate evidence and make it difficult for authorities to obtain the required information to prosecute or find evidence. Even though law enforcers are allo wed to carry out a search warrant if the courts deem it fit to curtail their mandate they would be forced to oblige, but at the risk of losing vital evidence. If courts restrict searches of computer devices up to the point when a judicial approval is received, suspects can manipulate their devices and do away with what can be incriminating. However, if the judicial approval is needed before a search warrant, then the law enforcers should be allowed to have the devices in their possession to eliminate the risk of the accused tampering with the evidence.

Purchasing and supply management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Purchasing and supply management - Essay Example purchasing. After 6 months, she faced a genuine problem in discharging her duties. One of the highest paid senior most medical staff and substantial revenue generator Dr. Spiller, almost negotiated and finalized an X-ray processor with New Age regional manager Mr. Jarvis. After finalizing the product and rate and he only called Rose silver to place a final order to purchase the X-ray processor from New Age. Now being in-charge of purchase, Rose tried to explain the things but he is not willing to listen her views at all. He was just explaining to Rose that the firm and person, whom he has finalized is the right company /person and only the said supplier will be able to supply the product as well as it’s a right kind of product. He even told Rose that companies (Supplier) regional manager Mr. Jarvis assured him that all the details has been taken care of by himself. Now Rose Silver is facing a kind of situation in which she could not use her expertise in the interest of hospita l as well as she could not be able to discharge her responsibilities properly. Dr. Spiller had tried to bully her. Now she is in dilemma about her future course of actions. Discussions: (1) Lysons (2000, P.1) defines purchasing as: â€Å"Purchasing is the function responsible for obtaining by purchase, lease or other legal means, equipment, materials, components, suppliers and services required by an undertaking for use in production or resale†. Organizational purchasing decisions are therefore far more significant in today’s competitive situation and can play a significant part in determining company’s profitability. Purchasing is critical when it represents such a large proportion of the cost. Purchasing activities involves buying decisions to ensure that the right goods are in the right place, at the right time, at a right price, at the right quality and at the right quantity. Information is an important resource to

Einstein for Aspergers Essay Example for Free

Einstein for Aspergers Essay Einstein a Case Study for Aspergers Christina Parker PSY 410 February 6, 2012 Dr. Melda Jones Einstein a Case Study for Aspergers Mental illness has existed as long as humans have, but only in the last hundred years or so have psychologist started to truly understand mental illness. There is still much, that is unknown about mental illness and human behavior. One mental disorder that was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) in 1994 is Asperger’s Disorder. This disorder is usually diagnosed in early childhood, but in Albert Einstein’s time Asperger’s Disorder was unknown. Einstein had many of the diagnostic criteria for Asperger’s Disorder but was not diagnosed. Einstein was quiet and withdrawn, but had an amazing mind for mathematics. In comparison, Temple Grandin was diagnosed with Asperger’s Disorder and has many of the same mannerisms as Einstein. Overview of Asperger’s Disorder’s History Dr. Hans Asperger studied children that acted differently from others in the 1940s. Dr. Asperger called these children â€Å"Little Professors† because they were so interesting. In 1980s Dr. Lorna Wing called children with Asperger’s (AS) high-functioning autism individuals. In 1994, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) added AS. Asperger’s Syndrome (ASD) is a distinct group of neurological conditions characterized by greater or lesser degrees of impairment in language and communication skills with repetitive or restrictive patterns of thoughts and behaviors. There is no known cause or treatment for AS. The parents of children with AS often by or before the child’s third birthday sense that something is amiss in his or her child’s behavior or developmental skills. Two out of 10,000 children statistically diagnosed with AS or ASD. Boys are three to four times more likely than girls to have AS or ASD. The children exhibit delayed psychomotor skills (crawling and walking), and have problems with communicating and socializing with other children. AS children have an obsession with one topic or interests excluding other topics and interests. AS children have a formal speech that lacks rhythm and modulation. AS children appear clumsy when they walk and may have delayed motor skills (catching a ball, pedaling a bike, and other skills). The cause of AS or ASD is unknown but is thought to be genetic because AS tends to run in families. The part of the brain that controls social behavior functions differently or develops differently from other children without AS. The part of the brain that controls body movements and balance are also different in AS children than other children. ASD is a high-functioning autism disorder. Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome Explained There is no known cause of autism. Research today is using MRI imaging to determine how the Autism brain is structured. Dr. Grandin explains her condition like this: The brain is an office; the frontal lobe is the office manager. The other compartments of the brain are like the many departments in an office. The office departments do not communicate well between the other offices such as sales, product development, management, and so on. The autistic brain has to be understood and trained in a way that works best for the individual. No one treatment works for every autistic individual. Finding what motivates the individual’s fear and helping the individual to overcome or change the environment to a less chaotic one will help the individual to learn and progress. Autistic individuals do not understand facial expressions or tone changes in voices. Behavioral issues such as defecation and twitching are common with Asperger’s and Autism. Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome are high-end functioning Autistic individuals. To understand Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome, Dr. Grandin suggests that people move away from language. The nonverbal child does not understand language. The nonverbal child is sensory-based and has a complex disorder that is based on sights, sounds, smells, and touch. Cultivating the way the individual’s method of thinking will prevent fear that causes anxieties will help the individual progress. Autistic individuals have high IQs and the ability to concentrate on one subject for a long time. Most autistic individuals are gifted in math, sciences, computers, tables, astrology, and other nonsocial areas that rely on thinking skills. A Look at Einstein and Grandin Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born in 1879 to Hermann and Pauline Einstein (a middle-class German-Jewish family). Einstein scarcely spoke and was quiet more than backward as a young child. His sister remembers his concentration and ability to build tall houses and multiple storied levels of playing card houses. At age 4 or 5 Einstein marveled at how a magnetic compass needle invariably swung northward. This caused Einstein to conclude that something invisible was behind everything sparking his interest in Physics at a young age. As late as age nine Einstein was hesitant to speak, and did so pausing to select his words carefully. His parents feared that he was below average in intelligence. At the age of 12 Einstein’s love for mathematics and physics was sparked by a booklet on Euclidian Plane Geometry. This booklet proved to Einstein that there was a lucidity and certainty in theory and made an impression on him permanently. School depended on memorization and arbitrary authority of the teachers and faculty and was not conducive to Einstein’s way of learning. At 15 Einstein quit school and moved to Italy with his family where his family was trying to start a business. He studied Mathematics, Physics, and Philosophy at home. His uncle, an engineer, and a medical student who ate with his family once a week are credited with stimulating Einstein’s young mind. Was Einstein’s brain different? Einstein died in 1955 and gave his brain to science. A pathologist named Thomas Harvey quickly preserved his brain, and made samples, and sections. Pathologists Harvey concluded that other than Einstein’s brain seeming smaller than most brains, his was not unusual. Sandra F. Witelson and colleagues studied Einstein’s brain again in 1999, and discovered that it lacked a wrinkle found in other brains (the parietal operculum), and other regions on each side of Einstein’s brain appeared to be larger and unusual features in the inferior parietal lobes thought to be the area of visual imagery and mathematical thinking. This concludes that Einstein’s brain was more equipped by this region than most individuals. Does this prove or disprove that Einstein had Asperger’s? There is no conclusive historical evidence to determine if Einstein had Asperger’s. What we do know is Einstein was capable of deep concentration, and had perseverance. He graduated without distinction, his learning style and the school learning system of his time did not get along. He sought physics because he could seek out paths that led to the depths. In other words Einstein preferred to be free to think on the invisible things behind things. It was Einstein’s ability to think deeply on physics that put him first in the race to the theory in relativity. Einstein made friends with colleagues like Marcel Grossman, Michele Besso, Paul Ehrenfest, and Freidrich Adler. His wife Mileva Maric was the only female in his physics class. Even though Einstein renounced his German citizenship when he left Germany for Italy, he could not resist the invitation to Berlin’s Prussian Academy of Sciences, he had no teaching duties and access to the greatest scientific minds of his day. Fame in physics starved and destroyed his marriage to his wife Mileva, and then divorced in 1919. The same year of his divorce Einstein married his cousin whom he had an affair with since 1914 and settled with Elsa Lowenthal and her two daughters until his death in 1955. Einstein as a young boy, a young teen, a young man, and an older man (Image  © The Albert Einstein Archives, The Jewish National ; University Library, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. ) Temple Grandin Dr. Temple Grandin was thought to be different by her Mother from a very early age. At two Dr. Grandin could not speak and exhibited behavioral issues. Her Father and consulted doctors wanted to put Dr. Grandin in an institution. Dr. Grandin’s Mother would not have her daughter put in an institution. Instead, Dr. Grandin’s Mother sent her daughter to private schools and to private speech therapy. Dr. Grandin was teased as a child in school. Dr. Temple states that early intervention is vital to best outcomes in autistic children. According to Dr. Grandin there are three types of Autism thinkers: Visual, Pattern, and Word. Visual thinkers are terrible at algebra and good at geometry. Pattern thinkers have difficulty with reading. Word thinkers are good with facts in favorite subjects. Dr. Grandin thinks in pictures, sees a series of slides like a search engine. During her lecture Dr. Grandin was tired from air travel and this caused her to lose train of thought if movement or noises were made by audience. Dr. Grandin explained that she cannot screen out the sensory issues that trigger her distractions. Dr. Grandin admits to having panic attacks, and anxiety. Anti-depressants help autistic individuals overcome anxiety, panic attacks, and OCD issues. Dr. Grandin correlates animal behaviors and fears with autism and how people handle animals also can be used to handle autistic individuals. When Dr. Grandin was born her parents were told she had infantile schizophrenia. Since her birth two Doctors one in the United States named Dr. Leo Canner and one in Canada named Dr. Asperger began studying children who displayed certain characteristics: no facial expression, lack of social skills, the ability to concentrate on one subject, and certain other emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. Dr. Grandin was born in Boston, Mass. on August 29, 1947. Dr. Grandin has earned degrees from Franklin Pierce College, Arizona State University, University of Illinois, and has earned Honorary Doctorates from McGill University, University of Illinois, and Duke University. The United States and Canada Meat Plants use Dr. Grandin’s equipment designs developed for Animal Welfare Guidelines. Dr. Grandin’s focus of study is in alleviating anxiety of intense fear and hypersensitivities to sound in Human and Animal populations. Dr. Grandin wrote autobiographies of her life with autism, which amazed the autistic community (Thinking in Pictures and Other Reports from My Life with Autism- 1995, and Emergence: Labeled Autistic – 1986). Dr. Grandin, has acquired many awards, lectures all over the United States, was inducted into the Cowgirl Hall of Fame and is a member of the board of directors Autism Society of America. Dr. Grandin has developed her own website: www. grandin. com to communicate with people on the subject of autism, and animal handling. Humane groups recognize Dr. Grandin’s work to alleviate animal fears, and her biography featured on HBO has won several Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe, and Peabody Award in 2011. Dr. Grandin has written several books, chapter books, journals, and other publications proving that people with Asperger’s and Autism can succeed. Conclusion There is so much that humanity does not know about human behavior and mental illness, but psychology continues to make advancements in the area. Asperger’s Disorder is just one example of how psychology has advanced. In Einstein’s time there was not a name for his â€Å"weird quirks†, but by the time Temple Grandin was born these similar â€Å"quirks† were known as Asperger’s Disorder. Einstein was brilliant in mathematics and similar fields of study, but could not form true intimate bonds with other people. Dr. Grandin was also brilliant but in another area of study and she also cannot form true intimate bonds with people.