Essay on Leadership

Essay on Leadership When you think of a leadership what names come up to your mind? Can any person become a leader or should a person be a born one. To sort it all out we should begin with a definition of this notion. Leadership is a kind of influence, in which one person has an effect upon opinions of others and leads them to accomplish the necessary objective. Leadership is when one person captivates collaborators with one common goal. Thus, to become a good leader and to be successful you have to convince your followers that you are worth of being followed. If you have the desire, patience and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leadership qualities are developed through a constant process of self-study, education, training and experience, i.e. these qualities are acquired through regular exercising and study. Good leaders do not rest on their laurels but are constantly improving these leadership skills. I can suggest you the following steps if you want to become an effective leader: Challenge the subjects First, find out the subject that you believe needs your utmost attention. Inspire a shared vision Next, share your point of view with your followers. Enable others to act Give them tools and methods to solve the problem. Show how to act – A real leader should show their subordinates the way to treat problems and difficulties. Encourage the hearts Share the glory with your followers hearts, while keeping the pains within your own.

Firewall Security Policy Pathways Industries - 1367 Words

Firewall Security Policy Pathways Industries Security Policy Pathways Industries defines its Security Policies based on the risk assessment performed for the security of its assets, partners, and clients to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of data. Compliance to these security policies by Pathways Industries personnel is mandatory. Any breech of these policies could lead to disciplinary measures up to and including separation from the company. Pathways Industries will provide training on these policies on a regular basis to all employees to the extent of which is necessary to complete the individual tasks of the employee’s position. Policy Overview: This policy describes the purpose and scope of the firewall and IDPS policy. The firewall will be positioned between Pathways Industries internal network and the Internet. The firewall is an integral part in the security infrastructure of our company and covers both LAN and remote access through VPN configurations. This policy reflects initial configuration as well as options available for future scalability using Cisco Adaptive Security Appliances. The firewall provides protections against network intrusions by hosting intrusion prevention system modules to detect and prevent traffic that would disrupt the normal operations of the company. These security features will be configured to offer the greatest protection while allowing Pathways Industries personnel and their partners efficient access to theShow MoreRelatedFirewall Security Policy : Pathways Industries1367 Words   |  6 PagesFirewall Security Policy Pathways Industries Security Policy Pathways Industries defines its Security Policies based on the risk assessment performed for the security of its assets, partners, and clients to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of data. Compliance to these security policies by Pathways Industries personnel is mandatory. Any breech of these policies could lead to disciplinary measures up to and including separation from the company. Pathways Industries will provide trainingRead MoreEvaluating The Objectives Of An E Commerce Security Program1712 Words   |  7 PagesAssessing a companies’ risk is one of many steps in developing a security program. The other is establishing a security management structure and visibly giving security responsibilities. This project will focus on development and implementation techniques of e-commerce security to prevent and identify intrusions. This report will exhibit techniques on how to apply, adapt, and extend the already developed monitoring techniques in areas such as intrusion detection or verification. Beginning with aRead MoreEssay about Informatics In The Healthcare Industry1647 Words   |  7 Pagesalways searching to increase the quality of patient care and outcome. The supporting tools from the informatics show the healthcare professionals a way for improvements to occur. The supporting tool of bar codes has decreased the medication error. The pathway and tracking of patients can lead to improvement in the quality of care administrated. The research tool develops intervention with evidence-base practice (EBP) for patient outcome. The tools designed by informatics have benefits for patient’s outcomeRead MoreThe Internet Is A Threat Vector For All Sizes Of Organizations1179 Words   |  5 Pagespublic. New technologies are constantly being introduced in order to keep pace with industry trends and with these new technologies come new vulnerabilities. Many of these vulnerabilities among software will be discovered in the testing phases or early days of release, however, there are some vulnerabilities that will remain unknown to the masses. These unknown vulnerabilities, once discovered, become the pathway for a zero-day exploits (Zetter, 2015). The term zero-day does not have a specificRead MoreScada5426 Words   |  22 PagesSCADA Systems Security Arjun Venkatraman arjun.dhanush@gmail.com 1. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to define what SCADA systems are and their application in modern industry and infrastructure, to elucidate the reasons for rising concern over the security of these systems, to analyze the fundamental vulnerabilities and to put forth recommendations for the implementation of security in these systems. 2. Introduction: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems are basically ProcessRead MoreRed Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Security Guide50668 Words   |  203 PagesRed Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Security Guide 1 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Security Guide A Guide to Securing Red Hat Enterprise Linux Edition 3 Red Hat Engineering Content Services 2 Legal Notice Legal Notice Copyright  © 2011 Red Hat, Inc. Based on the Fedora Security Guide (current version at http://docs.fedoraproject.org/enUS/Fedora/16/html/Security_Guide/index.html), written by Johnray Fuller, Eric Christensen, Adam Ligas, and other Fedora Project contributors. T he textRead MoreElements of Communication5886 Words   |  24 Pagesother individuals or devices. The second element of communication is the destination, or receiver, of the message. The destination receives the message and interprets it. A third element, called a channel, consists of the media that provides the pathway over which the message can travel from source to destination. Consider, for example, the desire to communicate using words, pictures, and sounds. Each of these messages can be sent across a data or information network by first converting them intoRead MoreHow The Data Security Is Used Or Accessed By Unauthorized Individuals Or Parties?3040 Words   |  13 PagesThe Data security is usually referred to as the confidentiality, accessibility, and truthfulness of data. Which means, all the practices and procedures that are in place to guarantee the information is not used or accessed by unauthorized individuals or parties. The Data security ensures that the information is correct and reliable and is obtainable when those with authorized access need it. There are many policies which cover the data security, but the three that I will mention are, Ensuring DataRead MoreThe Home Depot Data Breach3056 Words   |  13 Pagesdata has been put to sale which is risking the confidential data of customers in Reactor.cc, where the Target’s Costumer da ta was put on to sale. The Home Depot has been working with the Secret Services and banks and also along with the Computer Security Corporation to detect and avoid the vulnerability of their system. Reportedly the attacks might have occurred during the spring selling. The Home Depot Chief Frank Blake said to customers in a press release that no PIN data has been compromised Read MoreTrends in Workplace17940 Words   |  72 Pagesprocess of managing knowledge becomes a central part of the learning process. Knowledge management. According to some observers, the industrial era s successor--the information age, in which white-collar jobs exceeded blue-collar jobs and entire industries arose just to help companies manage and process information--is already at or past the midpoint of its life cycle. The ever-declining cost of processing information has made it universally available. Indeed, information has become a commodity that

How Did 9/11 Bring People Together Free Essays

How did the 9/11 bring people together? Or Did the 9/11 bring people together? The 9/11 was a very significant event and brought many people together in many different ways. In circumstances of extreme stress we hear moving accounts of people going out of their way to help each other. Studies show that acute stress can lead to greater cooperative, social and friendly behaviour, even in men. We will write a custom essay sample on How Did 9/11 Bring People Together or any similar topic only for you Order Now This more positive reaction can help the human connections that occurred during the time of crisis associated with the 9/11. Social connections are particularly important under stress because stress naturally leads so a sense of vulnerability and loss of control, this is an example of why the people of not only America, but the world came together through this tormenting time to support one another. The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks launched upon the United States in New York and Washington D. C area by an Islamic terrorist group, al-Qaeda. On the morning of September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four passenger jets. American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the North and South towers of the World Trade Centre as suicide attacks. Both towers collapsed and debris led to the partial collapse of all other buildings in the New York World Trade Centre. The third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon, which was the headquarters of the United States Department of Defence. The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was targeted at the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C. , but crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after its passengers fought back against the al-Qaeda terrorists. Almost 3000 people died in the 9/11 attacks. An example of the 9/11 bringing people together is the cooperation of different religious groups. Churches that typically held services only on Sundays opened their doors on the Tuesday of the attacks and held them open for some following days and for a short time attendance in churches and other houses of worship skyrocketed. Members of religious groups met together and tried to understand each other’s beliefs to help one another. A decade later, a group of religious leaders representing the Christian, Islamic and Jewish faiths met to plan a special interfaith service for the 10th anniversary of the 9/11. The service included prayers, music, Scripture and short messages from participants. The organisers went to great lengths to celebrate religious diversity and to make sure readings and prayers are as universal as possible. Deidre Gordon, a member of the Islamic centre reinforced the idea of the 9/11 bringing people together. â€Å"It’s a chance to recognize beneath all this diversity, we have a lot we share. † We hear often hear moving stories of strangers coming together to help save each other from the burning buildings, one of which I came across was this; â€Å"Today, after a 72 hour shift at the fire station, a woman ran up to me at the grocery store and gave me a hug. When I tensed up, she realized I didn’t recognise her. She let go with tears of joy in her eyes and said, â€Å"On 9-11-2001, you carried me out of the World Trade Centre. † As you can see the 9/11 did bring people together, 12 years ago, President George W. Bush proclaimed, â€Å"America is united. † The production of American flags surged and the flags soared, and America really was united. America mourned together, raged together and resolved together. They reached out to others in a way most didn’t do previously. How to cite How Did 9/11 Bring People Together, Essays

an eye for an eye Essay Example For Students

an eye for an eye Essay An Eye For An EyeBoth detectives held a gun, but neither of them could shoot at Richards. The gunman was hiding closely behind his hostage and exposing little of his body to them. Smith knew he couldnt risk a shot. There were too many people in the tavern, and most of them were behind Richards. He might hit one of them if he missed the gunman. And he probably would miss. The target being offered to him was much too small. Smith glanced at his partner, Mary Scott. She was a very good shot. She was capable of hitting a small target at this range. She was the departments pistol champion, and she could consistently hit a quarter at thirty feet with the gun she carried. But she was in an awkward position at the moment. There were several people between her and Richards. She needed time to get around them. But she was slowly weaving her way through the crowd and moving closer to the ex-con who was holding a gun to the old mans head. If she could get into a better position, and if Richards gave her even the smallest target, she would put him down. Smith realized that he had to buy her some time. He had to keep Richards occupied until she was in the clear. He spoke soothingly to the gunman. Richards, youve killed one man already tonight. Dont make it worse by doing it again. That wiseguy had it coming, Richards responded. If he hadnt made me mad, I wouldnt have killed him. Maybe we can make a deal, Smith said. If you surrender now, Ill tell the judge that you said you did it only because you were angry. No, Richards shouted. No deals. If I have any business with you, itll be to blow you away. Smith glanced at his partner again. She needed only a few more seconds. Richards, we dont want to shoot you, we only want to help you. Tell me how we can do that. Just let me take a shot at you. If youll let me do that without shooting back, Ill be satisfied. When Mary Scott reached the pool table, she looked at Richards. She was now within ten feet of him, and no one stood betwee n them except the hostage. She assessed her chances of hitting Richards at that range. It would be easy if only a little more of his head was showing. But he wasnt exposing his head to her, and thats where she had to place the shot. If she hit him anywhere else, he might pull the trigger before he died. If he did that, the old man would also die. There was a terrible stillness as Richards shifted his eyes between Mike Smith and Mary Scott. He did it slowly. He sensed that if he moved too quickly, or did the wrong thing, one of these cops would risk taking a shot at him. He started to back toward the door, dragging his hostage with him. Smith looked at Richards over the sights of his gun and said, Dont do it, Richards. Its a fools move. If youll just drop the gun, no one will be hurt. I promise you that. Richards grinned. Drop dead. The old man was terrified. He didnt say a word as the ex-con pulled him toward the door, but his eyes begged the two cops to do something anything to s ave him. As Richards inched toward the door, Smith and Scott followed. The gunman looked at Mary and swore. Ill kill this guy if either of you come any closer, he said. Mary responded. Dont do that, Richards. If you kill him, well drop you on the spot. Richards laughed strangely. All I want to do is get outta here. If you dont let me do that, Ill kill all of you. Mary looked at the crowd. Everyone was nervous. A few of them were close to panic. One woman was anxiously looking toward the door, and Mary thought she might run toward it at any moment. Mary didnt want her to do that. 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Alfred Prufrock Essay Thesis

The Red Scare Essays (1069 words) - , Term Papers

The Red Scare In the 1940's and 1950's a massive strike of paranoia struck the US after The Second World War. This scare included millions of people being blacklisted and wrongfully accused of being communist sympathizers. Hollywood was politically attacked by an organization known as HUAC, or The House Un- American Activities Committee, and singled-out as propagandists and red sympathizers. The mass paranoia and state of chaos was only fed when a man named Joseph McCarthy saw an opportunity for political gain. Riots filled the streets. Labor strikes fell upon factories and the era of McCarthyism came into existence during this period of time in which we know as, "The Red Scare." World War II was a war that took place, respectively, from 1939 - 1945. During this war, the rise of Communism in Russia had just sparked. America and other 1st world countries saw Russia become a new world power and sent fears into others. One particular fear was the expansion of communism and fifth columnists, also known as spies in the government?s establishment. The Truman Doctrine that was announced in 1947, proclaimed that, "any advance of Communism, anywhere in the world, was a threat to the national interests of the United States" (quoted in Mack). This, according to Clayton, was the official start of the Cold War. During the beginning of this new era, a new fear broke out in the societies of the United States. This was the fear of the secrets of nuclear fusion being stolen, or already had been, and that a nuclear holocaust was just around the corner. ?This was greatly associated with the idea of Russian spies or "Fifth Columnists" were in the American governments establishment, stealing secrets and planning world domination? (Shmoop, 10). The fear of this was mainly upheld by government officials who sought a traitor in the mist. As time progressed, the paranoia only grew. An association arose known as the House of Un-American Activities Committee, or the HUAC. This particular committee believed that communists had taken over Hollywood and that the movies being written and produced were actions of communist propaganda and feared that the American society was being brainwashed. "Over 60 thousand actors, writers and directors were convicted as communist sympathizers by this committee and thus began Blacklisting" (EDhelper, 09). HUAC's blacklisting caused men and women all over the US to lose there jobs and even forced some to leave the nation. "It meant that their professional reputation was destroyed, and that no one would hire them for fear of being thought a communist,? said Barbara Mack, an Historical Expert on the Red Scare. As more and more people were blacklisted, trials were held on national television broadcast. ?The exploitation of these people caused fear in Hollywood, and many people stopped writing, and even left the country. They even questioned 10-year-old Shirley Temple." said Mack. This is the epitome of true paranoia. One man in particular, Joseph McCarthy a republican in senate, noticed the chaos and exploitation going on in the US and saw a opportunity to gain political power and rep by joining in on the blacklisting effort. "McCarthy's ""witch- hunt"" began in 1950 when he announced he had a list of 205 known communists employed by the state department." (Ranzer, 07) This immediately led to a jump in paranoia and fueled the entire Scare. McCarthy?s Era was told to be started at 1950 and it caused hundreds of people to lose there jobs, ruin family ties, and destroy lives. However his reign wouldn?t last. "McCarthy's own undoing began when he leveled his accusations against the United States Army." said Ranzer. This started when McCarthy insulted the American Army and the public. Trying to find a way out of this, he simply screamed "Communists" and the public widely saw his charges were never proven, and thus began to discredit him and he soon fell from popularity. Finally McCarthy was tried and was given a formal Censure, stating that his actions were inappropriate and further stated that he was "contemptuous and reprehensible." According to Ranzer, "On December 2, the senate voted 67 to 22 to censure McCarthy for inappropriate conduct of a senator." and removed him from office. McCarthy?s response to this was recorded as such. "I feel no

Conflict Resolution Tactics

Conflict Resolution Tactics Free Online Research Papers Many organizations, including colleges and major corporations, have begun the process of implementing work team systems. Teams present a greater diversity of knowledge, ideas, and experience than any one individual can offer. This diversity often helps to improve quality, create collaboration, enhance information exchange, and provide a sense of community and support to the team members (University of Phoenix, 2004); however, it can also foster conflict. Conflict is a part of everyday life and is generally caused by individual opinions and differences. â€Å"When individuals work in teams, differences in power, values, attitudes, and social factors can all contribute to conflict† (Kerr, 2005, para. 2). Avoiding conflict completely is impossible; however, the resulting outcome does not have to be negative. Using effective strategies to manage conflict can present positive consequences as well. Preventative Measures Prevention is usually the best cure for most problems. When all members participate in setting rules and guidelines, open communication and mutual understanding is created within the team that may defuse a conflict before it becomes a problem. â€Å"It is, after all, easier to agree on guidelines and processes everyone believes are fair when things are going well, rather than when the team members are in the midst of conflict† (Porter, 2003, p. 2). When the team makes these decisions as a group instead of receiving direct instructions from an authority figure, they are able to take ownership in the decision made and enforce it more effectively. In addition, various training courses and workshops are offered that team members can take advantage of to build awareness and acquire skills which could reduce or even prevent conflicts from arising in the first place. Some of these programs include team building, diversity training, communication workshops, and conflict management sem inars (DeJanasz, Dowd Schneider, 2002). First Steps in Conflict Resolution Despite exercising preventative measures, the possibility that conflict may occur still exists. When conflict does arise, the first step is to analyze and understand the problem. The team members should try to discover the causes and reasons for the disagreement. Each team member should examine their own individual response to the conflict and determine if their reactions are supportive of or interfering with the overall success of the team. The team members should also examine the consequences of not being able to solve the conflict, as well as discuss ways to settle the conflict within the team. Finally, the team should decide which conflict resolution strategy to apply to the situation (Porter, 2003). Employing Conflict Resolution Strategies After the team members have analyzed the conflict and have a complete understanding of the situation, they are then equipped to resolve the conflict by employing the conflict resolution strategy which they have decided upon as a team. â€Å"Ralph H. Kilmann and Kenneth W. Thomas, authors of the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, have identified five general approaches to dealing with conflict: avoidance; accommodation; competition; compromise; and collaboration† (Porter, 2003, p. 3). Each style of dealing with conflict varies in the degrees of cooperativeness and assertiveness. Coopertiveness refers to the party’s desire to satisfy the other’s concern, and assertiveness describes the party’s desire to satisfy their own concern (Mind Tools, 2008). While most people generally have a preferred conflict resolution style, different styles can be useful in different situations. No one strategy is appropriate in all situations- each requires a different amo unt of time, energy, and cooperation. Avoidance This style of conflict resolution usually attracts people who are trying to evade conflict completely. In this instance, the parties are neither assertive nor cooperative (Mind Tools, 2008). Avoidance is usually demonstrated by delegating controversial decisions, accepting default decisions, and not wanting to hurt anyone’s feelings. This is an appropriate strategy to use when winning becomes impossible, when the conflict is unimportant, or when someone else is in a better position to solve the problem. This strategy is sometimes used when the parties involved need time to control their emotions (DeJanasz, Dowd Schneider, 2002). Accommodation This style of conflict resolution indicates a willingness to meet the needs of others at the expense of the person’s own needs. In this instance, cooperation is high and assertiveness is low (Mind Tools, 2008). Accommodation allows a person to be persuaded to surrender his or her own position even though the submission is not justified. This is an appropriate strategy to use when issues are more important than the other party, when harmony is more valuable than winning, or when pacifying another person becomes important. This approach is sometimes used to establish goodwill that can be traded for favors in the future (DeJanasz, Dowd Schneider, 2002). Competition This style of conflict resolution is often used by people who know what they want and take a firm stand; they are usually in a position of power or have a strong persuasive ability. In this instance, cooperation is low and assertiveness is high (Mind Tools, 2008). This is an appropriate strategy to use when an emergency occurs and a decision needs to be made quickly, when the decision is not a popular one, or when one party is trying to exploit the situation. However, this style can cause unsatisfied or resentful feelings in some team members when used in less urgent situations (DeJanasz, Dowd Schneider, 2002). Compromise This style of conflict resolution is often used to find a solution that will partially satisfy everyone involved. Each party, including the compromiser, is expected to relinquish something. In this instance, both medium assertiveness and cooperation are prominent (Mind Tools, 2008). This is an appropriate strategy to use when the cost of conflict is higher than achieving the team’s goals, when equally matched parties are at an impasse, or when a deadline needs to be met in a short amount of time (DeJanasz, Dowd Schneider, 2002). Collaboration This style of conflict resolution is used when attempting to meet the needs of all people involved. In this instance, both cooperation and assertiveness are high, and the concerns are equally important (Mind Tools, 2008). This is an appropriate strategy to use when a variety of viewpoints need to be addressed, when there have been previous conflicts within the group, or when the situation is too important for a simple exchange of position. With the collaboration strategy, everyone wins; however, the technique does require the most time and effort in order to resolve the situation (DeJanasz, Dowd Schneider, 2002). Team Benefits and Challenges As stated earlier conflict can be either a negative or positive experience for a team, depending on how the situation is processed and resolved. In many cases, effective conflict resolution skills can make the difference between positive and negative outcomes. Usually negative conflict will damage a team’s dynamics, which prevents the members from functioning as a group and achieving their combined goals. Conflict can be destructive when no decision has been reached and the problem still exists; when it diverts energy away from more important activities; when it destroys morale; and when it divides teams. In contrast, when conflict is resolved successfully, positive outcomes prevail. Successful conflict resolution not only solves the problem that has been brought to the surface, but it also benefits the team in some unexpected ways. Conflict can be constructive when people change and grow personally from the conflict; when a solution the problem is found; when it increases the involvement of the team, and when it builds cohesiveness among the team members (Capozzoli, 1995). Conclusion Conflict can be incredibly destructive to good teamwork. Differences between team members can quickly escalate causing the members to become uncooperative if not managed properly, eventually threatening the mission of the team. This is particularly true in cases where the wrong approaches to conflict resolution are applied (Mind Tools, 2008). To control these situations, it helps to take a positive approach to conflict resolution. Positive conflict resolution focuses on courteous and non-confrontational discussion, as well as on the issues instead of on the individuals. As long as team members listen carefully to one another and explore the facts, issues and possible solutions properly, conflict can often be resolved effectively. Research Papers on Conflict Resolution TacticsProject Management 101Deontological Teleological TheoriesGlobal Distributive Justice is UtopianInternational PaperMRSA Staph BacteriaQuebec and CanadaThe Legal ProcessGap Analysis: Lester ElectronicsGene One the Transition from Private to PublicDistance Learning Survival Guide

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Paper Example Statesmen and stateswomen must not fear economic damage and use scientific data in debating on solutions, like to compel states in being bound by agreements on climate change. Important to effective talks on the plans is a deeper understanding of the issue. Dowdeswell is correct that world leaders could not craft anti-climate change measures because they guard national interests and they recognize the value of the fossil fuel industry to the economies of their countries. The author tells that leaders protecting country interests resist actions to climate change if these would badly affect their economies (par. 4), and I think this is true in countries with resources that are important globally, such as the Middle East which is a world oil source. I also see that it is natural for leaders to allow the fossil fuel industry to pollute their countries and worsen climate change because their economies thrive and thus benefit from them. After all, the science of climate change is ignored a nd â€Å"attacked by fossil fuel industries† (par.

If employee involvement and participation were used effectively by Essay

If employee involvement and participation were used effectively by organistions many conflicts would never occur - Essay Example company’s production output efficiency as well as employee’s commitment in attaining the organizational goal and overall financial success of the business. (Bryson, 1999) Basically, increasing a company’s production output contributes a lot of savings in terms of being able to maximize the company’s fixed costs. Eventually, a higher production rate increases the company’s profitability from the sales of products and services. With regards to the practice of employee involvement, several authors have noted that each type of employee involvement technique or a combination of these techniques have different effects on employee’s performance. (Cabrera, Ortega, & Cabrera, 2003; McNabb & Whitfield, 1998) In line with the purpose of this study, HR student will first define the meaning of employee involvement. Given that each type of employee involvement technique or a combination of these techniques have different effects on employee’s performance, there is a need for the HR student to identify and discuss the different types of employee involvement and participation techniques including the significance of reward systems in terms of solving organizational conflicts that could hinder the attainability of organizational goals and objectives. Eventually, the benefits of employee involvement and participation will be thoroughly discussed. Prior to conclusion, the HR student will discuss some of the challenges that human resource managers will be facing when implementing employee involvement and participation including the recommended ways on how human resource managers could implement employee involvement and participation in order to solve organization conflicts. Employee involvement is considered as â€Å"the voluntary employer-led initiatives that are designed to encourage more active employee to participate in the business organization.† (Caldwell, 1993) Among the long list of benefits associated with the implementation of employee involvement and

Midterm Paper about Concept for Nursing Theories course Term

Midterm about Concept for Nursing Theories course - Term Paper Example One of the main concerns of end-of-life care is the provision of quality care for end-of-life patients, which can be difficult to define for all involved stakeholders. For the society and many health care professionals, death is a sign of failure, and they are hesitant to allow people to naturally die from their illnesses. End-of-life care is critical, because nurses have to balance conflicting goals, such as helping patients and their families deal with the process of â€Å"letting go† and helping patients experience quality of life, while still living. End-of-life care will also contradict the goal of some patients and their families to extend life, even when illnesses are already terminal. This paper explores the concepts of end of life and end-of-life care and its definitions. It will determine the criteria for the concept of end-of-life, how it is addressed in literature, tools for measuring the concept, antecedents and consequences, and it will also provide three cases f or end of life care. Review of Literature End of Life Concept Karlsson and Berggren (2011) define end of life, as the phase of patient life, where â€Å"curative care is no longer possible† and survival time is considered â€Å"short† (p.374). Epstein (2010) is concerned of end of life’s implications on the quality of caring provided to dying patients. For him, the health care staff should be concerned of end of life’s implications to â€Å"dissatisfaction, conflict, and moral distress† (p.577). It is inferred that he defines â€Å"end of life† as a critical phase of care delivery, as the end of care looms. Reinke et al. (2010) agree with Epstein (2010) and affirm the necessity and urgency of the issue of quality care when end of life is concerned. Reinke et al. (2010) define end of life as the care response to the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs and concerns of dying people (p.753). End-of-Life Care Concept Lippincott Willi ams and Wilkins (2007) define end-of-life care in terms of palliative care, where the latter aims to prevent and relieve suffering and to advance the patient’s comfort and quality of life (p.3). There is no goal of hastening or delaying the patient’s death, and instead, stakeholders accept death as part of the natural cycle of human life (p.3). Poor (2001) also defines end-of-life care as a concept of palliative care, where it refers to the â€Å"comprehensive care of patients with a terminal illness who are nearing the end of life† (p.6). The World Health Organization (WHO) provides a more detailed definition of palliative care: â€Å"the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment† (as cited in Poor, 2001, p.6). Some of the important goals of palliative care are to control pain and to respond to the psychological, social, and spiritual needs of the patient (Poor, 2001, p.6). The WHO provides the following characte ristics of palliative care: 1) Life and death are normal processes; 2) Death is not delayed or encouraged; 3) Pain control and control of other upsetting symptoms are important; 4) The spiritual and psychological components of care are included in the care plan; 5) There is a support system for patients to live a quality and active life; 6) and there is also support system for the family of the dying patient, so that the former can cope with the upcoming realities of death (as cited in Poor

Strategic change management of British American Tobacco

Strategic change management of British American Tobacco British America Tobacco (BAT) was formed over 100 years ago, as a joint venture between the UKs Imperial Tobacco Company and the American Tobacco Company in a bid to end an intense trade war. James Buck Duke founder of America Tobacco Company became the first chairman. Despite deriving its name from the home bases of its two founding companies, British American Tobacco was established to trade outside both the UK and the USA; the two companies  will not  trade in each others domestic markets and acquire the right to use each others brands and trade marks in their own territory. The early period of the company formation saw a lot of expansion, consolidation, merging and de-merging until resent past when the 1902 agreement was revocated and BAT gains exclusive rights of is original brands. The company vision to achieve leadership of the global tobacco will be based on Growth, Productivity, Responsibility and building a Winning Organization. (BAT, 2008) PRODUCTS OVERVIEW Cigarettes; This account for about 95 per cent of the company product Smokeless snus; Swedish-style snus is a form of tobacco that isnt smoked, usually placed under the lip, chewed or in the nostrils. It is reported to be much less harmful than cigarettes. Cigars; British American Tobacco produces wide range of various shapes, strength and flavors. Roll-your-own; the oldest form of smoking sometimes referred to as hand-rolling tobacco or fine cut. Pipe tobacco; is aged, A pipe like tube for smoking tobacco. Global Drive Brands: Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike and Pall Mall are marks. International brands Rothmans, Kool, Benson and Hedges, 555, Peter Stuyvesant and John Player Gold Leaf. The company is also improving the sales of Vogue and Viceroy. MARKETING STRATEGY Strategic management for most organization is a way of thinking and a term used in everyday conversation. A market generally is made up of sellers/producers/suppliers of Products/ services and buyers of these products/ services. Key to this exchange between buyers and sellers is the concept of needs and wants which marketers must strive to satisfy. Marketing is all about getting the right products and services to customers who want/need them. Strategy is looks into the future then develops and implements the plans that will drive the organization in the right direction; it presents the broad marketing approach to meet the marketing plan objectives. The marketing planning should be aimed towards designing marketing strategies that are efficient, effective, flexible and adaptable. According to (Brassington and Pettitt 2000), marketing strategy cannot be design in isolation, it has to include the objectives of the organization and take into consideration other strategies of the organiza tion. Competition British America Tobacco faces competition from many international and local players in the industry. Notable among them are; Imperial Group, Gallaher limited, Tltria, Japan tobacco, Altadis. They all compete in sharing the Global volume. Marketing Three stages of marketing techniques 5Ps (Adapted from the Times 100) Market research enables the organization to identify the most appropriate marketing mix for effective promotion. (The times 100) Successful marketing is the bedrock of growth for any fast moving consumer goods business. The company strategy to build its Organization. Growth, according to Marketing Director, Jimmi Rembiszewski does not mean increasing the number of smokers rather it means increasing the company share of those adult who have chosen to smoke there by increasing the value of share. Marketing in many businesses is based on the fundamental 5 Ps:   product, price, packaging, promotion and place.   For BAT, promotion is now much more limited and very carefully controlled due to increasing regulations. Product Product value and quality are high on company agenda. The company first Chairman once said to achieve success there need to be a quality product and right people. BAT also offers consumers smokeless Swedish-style snus, considered to be less harmful than cigarette. Price Pricing is one of the most important marketing strategies employed by tobacco companies all over the world. The rise of America Tobacco Company was largely due to aggressive pricing strategies used by James Duke led to the rise of American Tobacco Company, this was made possible by the cost advantages derived. This forced competitors to join him or leave the market. (Chaloupka et al, 2002) BAT is prided for quality, choice of flavors, diversified, segmented global brands at the super premium, premium, mid-price and value-for-money price points. Promotion Tobacco companies all over the world use myriad activities to promote their products. Laws governing tobacco brand advertising mean that promotion now has far less relevance than the other 4 Ps, and that mass media promotion is going or gone. As traditional marketing avenues have closed, tobacco industries now use other marketing strategies. One such strategy is the use of advertainment, possibly derived from two words advertisement and entertainment. This is a way of trying to link brand image to an entertainment event. Some of the Activities use by tobacco companies to promote their products includes: Event sponsorship For many years Tobacco companies have been using event sponsorships to promote their products, by sponsoring an event, a brand ties that events image to its own. While the parameters within which they can pursue this strategy are narrowing due to legislation, tobacco marketers continue to find ways to make connections between the images of events and the images of their products. Bars and Clubs Tobacco companies host high concerts and budget parties, which target a particular group. Tobacco products posters and signs are also used to promote the bars. Direct Mail Advertisement / Direct Marketing Tobacco marketing has in recent past shifted from traditional method of advertising to developing relationships with individual customers. (Anderson, et al). A major element of direct marketing is direct mail targeted to individuals on tobacco companies extensive mailing lists. Direct mail was found to be a major distribution channel for coupons, sweepstakes offers, brand-loyalty program catalogs and event sponsorship notice. (Delnevo, et al 2004). Point Of Sale Advertisement Advertising at the point of sale remains a major component of tobacco marketing. Places where cigarettes are sold are packed with promotional messages. Companies compete for trademark presence and best shelf space. Successful retailers are also rewarded sometimes. (Physicians for a smoke-free Canada 2002). Other methods commonly use by tobacco companies include; distribution of Giveaways and Print ads at events. Place The target group must be aware of the existence and availability, should never be out of stock and be at the right outlet. SWOT Analysis This part depicts opportunities and threats faced by BAT caused by the external environment Strengths The Community and BAT: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ worlds second largest quoted tobacco group by global market share, with brands sold in more than 180 markets . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ products released under an open-source license meaning it is free to acquire and distribute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the licensing structure means can benefit from Community involvement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Global tobacco market with largest market in china where around 2,100 billion cigarettes are consumed by about 350 million smokers annually development team and other support for the Community and products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A very broad geographic base, well placed to meet the changing environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Portfolio of some 300 brands based on distinct must-win consumer segments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 47 cigarette factories in 40 countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ providing farmers with a welcome alternative crop.   In many cases, it provides a higher income than any other smallholder crop.   It integrates well into environmentally friendly crop rotations, benefiting subsequent crops like maize. Weaknesses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tobacco consumption poses real risks to health, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ illicit tobacco trade à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inability to totally eliminate non target group à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Child Labour in Tobacco Growing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ black market driven by ever higher taxes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Weak criminal penalties, poor border controls, low arrest rates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-Compliance Strategy e.g. selling in unlicensed establishment Opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delivering innovations and refinements to our products across leaf blends, finer cut tobacco, new filters, new formats such as slimmer products and improved tastes in segments such as menthol. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Able to innovate constantly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Over 100 countries grow tobacco à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Largest leaf supply chain having no match in the industry of tobacco à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This industry is possessed with the ability to rescuing itself for a long term Threats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Price competition in tobacco industry can be fierce.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the presence of many brands products in the marketplace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the open-source license regime means anyone can re-brand and redistribute under new name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Laws governing tobacco brand advertising and company restrictions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Counterfeiting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Smoking and health litigation (third party reimbursement, class action, individual action) The success of marketing activity should be monitored. General criticisms Tobacco use has been found to be harmful and addictive product that has huge health and economic impact for the users and passive users. It was found to be a single most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed nations and addiction is one of the greatest threats facing young people (British Columbia Ministry of Health Services, 2003) Tobacco use has huge economic, social and environmental consequences. Some of which are highlighted in the table below: Direct Health Social economic Environmental Disability Reduced productivity Fire damage Premature death Worker absenteeism Liters from cigarette buts Lost income due to premature death direct health care costs Studies also found a link between advertising and promotions and encouraging adolescents to initiate smoking, and that point-of-sale advertising influences youths intentions to smoke in the future (Chaloupka et al, 2007). RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSSION Several studies have found tobacco product to be harmful to health with enormous economic and incalculable social impact. Reducing its use has also been found to improved general health and wellness. Government has always been torn between forfeiting a large sum derived from Tobacco industry through tax and job creation, and listening to the voice of experts who are determine to see that tobacco usage is banned. Tobacco companies all over the world use all sort of tactics, including lobbying, campaigns aim at health improvement, looking for allies to ensure they have a free market. It is identified in this report that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tobacco industries will use any means of publicity to reach their target group à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increasing global share value (profit) and tax are key strategic elements defining battlefield for the industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Costs and impacts of smoking are misinterpreted, and Tobacco companies will always found allies in stakeholders (Ross 2008)) This report suggests that any form of advertisement or promotion that has a large percentage of spilling over to non target group should be restricted e.g. point-of-sale advertisement. Authorities should put more effort in helping people to quit and protect passive smokers. There should be a clear definition of where smoking is allowed or not, it is not uncommon to see smokers smoking at bus stop or on the street. More research needs to be done on the effect of Nicotine, main component of tobacco products. Where products are found to be extremely harmful, companies should be mandated to withdraw such products.

Winston Churchill :: essays research papers

Winston S. Churchill, M.P. FIFTY years ago, the Second World War was approaching its crescendo. A million British and Commonwealth and a million American troops were preparing to hurl themselves across the English Channel to storm Hitler's Atlantic Wall and embark upon the noble task of liberating Europe from the scourge of the swastika. I am therefore especially delighted to be asked to address you on the role of my grandfather as a War Leader. Everyone has his or her favorite Churchill story, some true, others apocryphal. One of my favorites goes back to the days before we had free telephones in the House of Commons, when a rather desperate Lloyd George sticks his head out of a phone-booth and, seeing the portly figure of my grandfather approaching, calls to him: "Be a good fellow, Winston, and lend me sixpence so that I can call a friend." My grandfather, making a great demonstration of digging deep into his pocket to produce a coin, and with a mischievous grin on his face replies: "Here is a shilling - now you can call all your friends!" It is something of a paradox, but true nonetheless, that had it not been for Hitler and the Labour Party, Churchill would never have become Prime Minister of Great Britain. Despite a political career that had already spanned forty years, and his evident availability, the Conservative Party had shown no inclination to invite him to be their leader. Only in the hour of maximum peril -indeed on the very day, 10 May 1940, that Hitler launched his Blitzkrieg against France, Belgium and the Low Countries - did the British nation turn, almost too late, to Churchill. This was a decision that owed much to the refusal of the leadership of the Labour Party to serve in a Coalition Government under Chamberlain, and the unwillingness of Halifax, who was the preferred successor by both the Conservative Party and King George VI, to serve as Premier. As Churchill himself pointed out, he was, at the moment he became Prime Minister, already sixty-five years of age and qualified to draw the Old Age Pens ion. FEW politicians have come to power so well qualified to lead their nation in war. His first career had been as a soldier. He had received his baptism of fire on his twenty-first birthday in 1895, while acting as an observer o the Cuban Revolutionary War against Spain. A bullet, which missed him by inches while he munched on a chicken leg, prompted him to exclaim, "There is nothing so exhilarating as to be shot at without result!".

Graham Greene’s “The Destructors” Essay

Graham Greene’s â€Å"The Destructors† is a real-life like story that shows how societal forces or the environment shapes the behavior and thinking of the protagonists. Moreover, the story becomes a manifestation of history and protests during a time of despair, dramatically presented by the author. In â€Å"The Destructors†, the protagonists are teens who call themselves â€Å"Wormsley Common Gang†. However, they believe that their innocence is already gone. Their childhood dreams turned to rebelliousness, selfishness, and cynicism in order to favor the worldliness and complexity of the life which society brings them. For an instance, T. disrespected Mr. Thomas and looked upon him with suspicion. He also destroyed Mr. Thomas’ house. They believed that by acting this way, they would be able to achieve stability in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the 1950s, gangs or organized groups are prevalent in England. They demonstrate the same attitudes and beliefs like the â€Å"Wormsley Common Gang†. Violence and the wavering society produce these kinds of individuals or groups. Their acts are the results or manifestation of the children’s experiences, socially and emotionally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This literary work is the result of a conscious understanding of the author regarding the situation of England in the early 20th century. World War I occurred in 1914, and it is more likely that England suffered from this war. This suffering is greatly demonstrated in the literature and art during these periods, showing protests to the aggression and melancholy in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Short stories are often read to serve the purpose of entertaining or informing its readers. Greene’s â€Å"The Destructors† was not only successful in doing this, but he was also able to open the eyes of its readers to the horrid reality of society during war. Moreover, â€Å"The Destructor† becomes a tool that demonstrates how societal forces greatly affect characters in fiction, and people in reality. Works Cited Greene, Graham. The Destructors. New York: Creative Company, 1993.   

Prohibition Take Two. Professor Ramos Blog

Prohibition Take Two. At some point in each of our lives whether it has already happened or one day will happen, we’ll see one of our friends or family members impacted by the effects of alcohol. My father lost two of his brothers because of alcohol. One died from cancer and liver failure due to his alcoholism and the other was hit by a drunk driver riding his motorcycle at a very young age. My father named my brother after him, Greg. As I’m sure many of you who are reading this can name someone or know somebody effected by this poison, we must look at the leading cause of these accidental or long-term fatalities. We need to look at banning the production of all Alcohol manufacturers for the sake of our future and our livelihood. Before I get into the long-term and short-term effects of alcohol I have a story of my own about two people I knew effected by alcohol. I had two friends I knew very well in high school that were severely impacted by alcohol but both on very different sides of the story. One was Jeremiah Holmes who was an avid hockey player and was on his way for playing for the Junior USA Olympic hockey team. Jeremiah was a kind soul and extremely kind to others and did not deserve to be hit by that drunk driver. His life ended so shortly in the split second, someone who deserved much more out of this life. The other was Zachary Benjamin. Zach wasn’t like Jeremiah at all. Zach was a little more clueless to the world around him and continuously made bad choices. Zach moved to Florida and within the first month got drunk and hit two young kids, ages 11 and 6 heading home from playing basketball. The youngest was killed and the other left on life support who later survived. Zach never turned him self in. Instead the next day took his Toyota Tacoma truck to get his front bumper fixed and thank the Lord the repair man noticed and called the authorities. Zach is now in prison serving only 7 years as his life also changed within a split second because of alcohol. The point I’m trying to make is that alcohol doesn’t care if you’re good or bad, right or wrong. One way or another it has a way to make an instant impact on many people’s lives and usually the impact is never good. Drunk driving accidents are more common than ever nowadays. â€Å"Every day, 29 people in the United Sates die in motor vehicle crashes that involve an alcohol-impaired driver† (CDC). That’s 10,585 people who die yearly in America due to drunk driving. And it seems these odds are only increasing due to the fact we promote alcohol on every other commercial as well as major sports games. The NFL’s leading sponsor is an alcohol company, Bud Light. The NFL preaches to our children to work out sixty minutes a day yet when they watch their favorite sports team they are subjected to watching people on TV start a party by cracking open a bottle of corona during a commercial. And Lord knows anyone who watches football on Sunday knows just how many commercials there are. These companies may not admit it, but they are starting a chain for the future drinkers of America. But these advertisements aren’t just reaching our children. They connect to people like you and me . We see people on TV drinking and having a good time, reminding us of the good times we’ve had on a night out drinking in the past. Leading us to want to re-create those memories. â€Å"Although not denying the importance of social factors, most psychological models of alcohol consumption are based on the assumption that drinking behavior is sustained for its personal effects. These effects are generally conceived in terms of a reduction in tension or anxiety† (Hull). Sure, it’s nice to go out and have a drink with a few friends to relieve your stresses. Than the next day you’re twice as stressed and would care to relieve it again. Maybe you’re worried about something at work or a relationship and a drink would calm the nerves and tension. â€Å"This cycle eventually leads to habitual drinking when alcohol consumption becomes a primary response to heightened internal tension† (Hull). We eventually become so combined to this idea that alcohol helps me relax or helps with my nerves that we let that become our norm. We forget that alcohol isn’t the only thing that helps with stress, it’s just easier than exercise a nd feels better. â€Å"People are motivated to bring about affective changes through the use of alcohol to the extent that they do not have satisfying positive incentives to pursue and enjoy and to the extent that their lives are burdened by negative incentives that they are not making satisfactory progress toward removing† (Cox et al.). We use alcohol for many, many reasons. This we all can call a true statement. But what Cox is trying to say is that we look to alcohol to bring changes in our body and mind because its easier and quickly effective to relieving this tension than burdening ourselves to deal with the problems that are making us want to drink in the first place. If we’re lucky enough to survive without being hit by a drunk driver or starting your ignition while being drunk yourself, then we should look at what some of the long-term effects of alcohol will do to your body. â€Å"An estimated 88,000 people (approximately 62,000 men and 26,000 women) die from alcohol-related causes annually, making alcohol the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States† (NIAAA). Let’s look at that number and match it with the previous number we looked at earlier. 10,585 people die yearly from drunk driving. So, 77,415 people die yearly from alcohol related causes other than drunk driving accidents. If alcohol doesn’t kill you when you are young it will eventually come to get you as you get older. Some long-term health risks include high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, cancer of the breast, mouth, throat, esophagus, liver and colon (CDC). So many different types of problems the body can develop through the continuation of consuming alcohol. So why on earth do we drink it? Well just like Jay Hull, the Dartmouth Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences said earlier of how the effects of alcohol reduces tension and anxiety. If there is a major psychological problem that we humans have nowadays is that a lot of us have anxiety. So sure, drinking could help relieve this, but it really does not seem like those pros will out way the cons of alcohol consumption. Due to the fact of developing habitual drinking pattern or putting yourself at risk by people who are drinking. Many will argue that they are safe when they drink, or they only drink a few times a week. No matter how many of you are like that, there are going to be 10 folds many more of people who cannot control themselves and put so many of our loved ones in harm. If alcohol were to be banned we would have a healthier, goal-oriented, safer society. Our world will not be damaged by a poison that’s become so easily accessible to ourselves let alone our childr en. These companies market a cancer to our world all while making a profit for it. We need to stop hurting our future by consuming alcohol. We need to ban alcohol. Benjamin, Zachary. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoHOQH6xs_0 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI). Atlanta, GA: CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). â€Å"Impaired Driving: Get the Facts†. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html Cox, Miles. Klinger, Eric. â€Å"A Motivational Model of Alcohol Use†. The American Psychological Association, Inc. June 1988. Vol 97, No.2, pg. 168-180. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eric_Klinger/publication/19866619_A_Motivational_Model_of_Alcohol_Use/links/00b49529e4689e6234000000.pdf Hull, Jay. â€Å"A Self-Awareness Model of the Causes and Effects of Alcohol Consumption†. Department of Sociology, Indian University. May 1993. Vol. 90. No. 6, pg. 586-600. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7e30/bc7195cec58c749c22a3b8e6461bcb0d59d9.pdf NIAAA. â€Å"Alcohol Facts and Statistics†. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics Eric Kazos English 010 3pm

Syntactic Properties of Phrasal Verbs in English

Syntactic Properties of Phrasal Verbs in English Introduction and Brief Summary of the Article The Grammar of English Phrasal Verbs is an article, written by R. M. W. Dixon in 1982. This work aims at defining the term â€Å"phrasal verb† itself and analyzing the properties of phrasal verbs in English from syntactic and semantic perspectives. The article under consideration is properly structured and written in clear and comprehensible language.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Syntactic Properties of Phrasal Verbs in English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the help of evaluation of past studies in the same area, the reader gets a wonderful opportunity to clear up what is already known about phrasal verbs, why it is necessary to classify phrasal verbs, and why these certain types are chosen, what the peculiarities of transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs are, and why the underlying structures are considered to be the best means of explaini ng the actions and changes, which take place within phrasal verbs in comparison to the surface structures. The grammar of phrasal verbs in English takes an important place in the study of this particular language, this is why it is crucially important to pay attention to any type of properties in order to comprehend appropriately how and why it is necessary to classify phrasal verbs. The work by R. M. W. Dixon is a reliable source that provides the reader with all the necessary information about phrasal verbs and their possible classifications. Phrasal Verbs as a Verb-Preposition Combination Nowadays, people face more and more problems with defining phrasal verbs, their place in English grammar, and their classifications. It turns out to be rather difficult for not-native speakers to comprehend what phrasal verbs actually mean (Ware Dowd 2008: 50). Due to this very reason, it is necessary to admit that that article by Dixon should be regarded as a real treasure for those, who are g oing to start learning English grammar and touch the peculiarities of phrasal verbs in particular. From the very beginning of the work, the author offers several ideas of how to interpret a phrasal verb. One of the clearest and frequently used points is the idea that phrasal verbs are those verb-preposition combinations, which â€Å"cannot be inferred from the separate ‘norm’ semantic characterisations of the simple verb and of the preposition(s)† (Dixon 1982: 1). Past Studies Help to Evaluate the Situation With the help of past studies, it is known that phrasal verbs have to be listed separately, as the combinations of verbs and prepositions may present various idiosyncratic meanings, which have to be remembered (Gelderen 2002: 84). In his article, Dixon touches upon such issues like substitution, gapping, fronting, and the position of prepositions. All these non-semantic criteria help to distinguish phrasal verbs from other literal combinations, which may confu se people and even researchers. For example, the criterion of substitution may be evaluated: only a few number of phrasal verbs can have proper and pure corresponding synonyms (let out may be sometimes interpreted as disclose). It is also necessary to underline another very important criterion of phrasal verbs.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lots of people still believe that if they interchange the position of a preposition with a non-pronominal post-verbal noun, the meaning of the whole phrase will not be changed. However, as the investigations prove, this point of view is rather mistakable. Many phrasal verbs cannot be divided into a simple verb and a preposition; this is why it is crucially important to study the use of phrasal verbs and their location in the sentences. In order to comprehend better how dangerous the substitution or wrong placement of words can be in English sentences can be, it is possible to make use of phrase structure trees. It is â€Å"a way of representing the linear order, constituency and hierarchical structure of sentences in a language† (Payne 2006: 339). For example, let us take two sentences from Dixon’s article: â€Å"John takes after his father† and â€Å"John takes his father after† (Dixon 1982: 4). Any branch of phrase markers should begin with a clear combination of words and end with a certain terminal symbol (Cannon 2002: 100): Sentence Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjective Noun Verb Adverb According to this scheme, the sentences under consideration may be analyzed in the following way: noun phrase is â€Å"John† and â€Å"his father†, and verb phrase â€Å"takes after†. The point is that this phrase cannot be divided into any other parts, because it is a meaningful phrasal verb. If the noun phrase separates the verb phrase, the essence of the verb will be lost. This is why it turns out to be impossible to say â€Å"John takes his father after†, and the only possible variant is â€Å"John takes after his father† that means that the father and the some resemble in their appearance.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Syntactic Properties of Phrasal Verbs in English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of past studies in this article takes a significant place, because such brief examination of already known facts about phrasal verbs help to start own investigation and make use of evaluated pros, cons, and peculiarities of phrasal verbs. The above-mentioned criteria are not the only ones that are discussed in this piece of work, however, they are considered to be the most important and the most known. Continuums play an important role in phrasal verbs’ evaluation The article under consideration examines of the phrasal verbs’ crite ria separately due to its unclear nature. â€Å"It appears that there is a continuum, with the more idiomatic and idiosyncratic combinations at one extreme, and entirely literal combinations at the other† (Dixon 1982:9). The continuum under analysis may be classified according to five clear levels, which evaluate the meaning of the sentences with phrasal verbs. The continuums can be both literal and non-literal, and idioms. Some of the constructions, usually literal ones, demonstrate the absence of semantic peculiarities. In comparison to these constructions, the author represents several sentences, which require a distinct dictionary entry. Types of Phrasal Verbs, Offered by Mr. Dixon In The Grammar of English Phrasal Verbs, the author identifies six different types of phrasal verbs. The chosen by the author approach makes the understanding of each phrasal verb’s type easier and clearer. In order to comprehend why the author chooses six types only and give preference to the underlying structures, it is necessary to identify what the underlying structure means, what other types of structures may be used in this kind of analysis and classification, and what type of order is inherent to each of these phrasal verbs types. Lots of scholars distinguish four main types of phrasal verbs: (1) intransitive and inseparable, (2) transitive and inseparable, (3) transitive and separable, and (4) transitive with inseparable prepositions (DeCapua 2008: 150). However, to attract the attention of the readers, the author made a wonderful attempt to represent more types of phrasal verbs and, by means of underlying structures, prove his ideas and approach. There are two possible structures: underlying, also known as deep or D-structure, and surface, also know as S-structure. Laurel Brinton (2000) defines underlying structure as a linear order of words in sentences and surface structure as a concrete realization of the previous structure (163-164). The author of the article that is discussed right now chooses six underlying structures: Preposition (P) P and Noun phrase (N) N and P N – p – N P – p – N N – p – p N After providing this brief classification of phrasal verbs, the author analyzes three types of the verbs thoroughly and represents the examples for the readers in order to prove his choice. First of all, he names intransitive single phrasal verbs – the structure (1) that does not require direct/non-direct objects and the structure (2) that usually requires prepositional objects.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More e.g.: He came to within a short period of time (1). My chief picks on me for each mistake (2). The next group for discussion is considered to be transitive single phrasal verbs. The representatives of this group have the underlying structures (3) and (4). As a rule, the phrasal verbs of this group need a prepositional object, and only in few cases, a direct object may be used. e.g.: It is impossible to bring her down (3). You have nothing to do but see this game through its successful end (4). Double phrasal verbs are the last group of verbs that unites fifth and sixth underlying structure. Mr. Dixon admits that these verbs have need of two prepositions and at least one prepositional object: e.g.: You need to take up this case with really sophisticated people (5). I do not want to take her up on the event I am not sure about (6). The use of examples and clear explanation of possible objects to the verbs is one of the winning ideas of the article under consideration. Readers’ understanding of the topic usually depends on the properly chosen examples. In this article, the underlying structures is the best means to demonstrate how exactly phrasal verbs may be classified into six possible categories. Underlying Structures vs. Surface Structures One of the major points of this article is that the author assumes the underlying structures than other possibilities, the surface structures in particular. In order to prove and justify his choice, the author devotes a separate chapter to justification for the chosen structures. Mr. Dixon describes the attempts of other scholars like Chomsky, who made attempts to use prepositional movements for structure analysis. However, lots of troubles and unclear points took place while such way of analysis, this is why Mr. Dixon underlines that his idea to classify phrasal verbs with the help of the underlying structures turns out to be more effective and less troublesome, because these structures â€Å"provide the basis for an optimally simple grammatical description† (Dixon 1982: 20). In this article, several properly explained reasons why the underlying structures are better than the surface structures and prepositional movements. First of all, the underlying structures provide proper explanations of possibilities for prepositional movements and adverb insertion and examining the changes within prepositional fronting. The underlying structures also demonstrate the possibility to substitute some types of phrasal verbs or impossibility to change even an object in the phrase. One of the most brilliant justifications of the underlying structures, which are presented in the article, is the comparison of pNpo and Ndop. It is all about the movements of the noun phrases around the prepositions. For example knock about the town means travel in the town, and knock a person about in the town means treat this person brutally in the town. Any other possibilities like the prepositional movement or the surfac e structures cannot present similar information and proper explanation of the matter. And Mr. Dixon’s approach demonstrates how simple these explanations can be. The use of phrase markets plays a crucial role in this case, because only the evaluation of the components helps the reader, the student, or any other person, who are eager to learn English grammar and the phrasal verb in particular, use these types of verb in a proper way. Transitivity as an Evidence of the Underlying Structures One more issues, discussed in the article, that helps to gain better understanding of the topic is the transitivity of phrasal verbs. In his numerous books, Dixon (2005) admits that it is â€Å"a fascinating and not altogether easy question† (p. 294). Phrasal verbs may be of two types transitive and intransitive. The transitive phrasal verbs are those, which have the underlying structures accompanied with a direct object of the verb. Those underlying structures of the phrasal verbs, w hich have prepositional objects, are named as intransitive. In order to help the reader to comprehend the nature of phrasal verbs and their classification, the author examines the characteristics of each type of objects. The direct object usually serves as the sign of passivisation; the prepositional objects demonstrate the impossibility of passivisation. Only the cases of some idiomatic combinations may be the factor of passivisation in the sentences with prepositional objects. The value of transitivity is rather considerable for phrasal verbs. This is why it is very important to distinguish transitive phrasal verbs with simple verb constituent. For example, the phrasal verbs, which have such simple verbs like go, come, or be can only be intransitive. However, its simple verb constituent may be both transitive and intransitive, as much depends on the chosen for the verb object. The offered by Mr. Dixon list of transitive possibilities diminish the doubts concerning the effectivenes s of the underlying structures for phrasal verbs analysis. The idea of transitivity also helps to determine the weakness of the surface structures in comparison to the underlying structures. The surface structures are considered to be realization of the underlying structures, this is why these structures do not offer clear explanations of why this phrasal verb may be both transitive and intransitive and why the same verb accompanied with another preposition can be only transitive but not intransitive. So, in this case, the understanding of the phrasal verbs’ nature by means of the underlying structures is regarded as clearer and simpler. Conclusion In general, the article under analysis is a perfect source of information about phrasal verbs and their classification. Mr. Dixon made a wonderful attempt to represent for the reader a new way of classification of phrasal verbs by means of the underlying structures only. He also gives enough reasons to justify his choice and persua de the reader that his approach to evaluation of phrasal verbs has more benefits in comparison to the surface structures and the prepositional movement by Chomsky. The use of figurative or idiomatic speech in every day life makes each phrasal verb too much important. Unfortunately, not each person especially not-native speaker can easily realize what phrasal verb is better to use. The literal meaning of the phrasal verb may have nothing in common with its own constituents, this is why it turns out to be very easy to lose the necessary way and miscomprehend the whole text. With the help of clear explanation of the term phrasal verb, Mr. Dixon demonstrates his awareness of readers’ demands and needs. He can easily foresee the difficulties, which may take place while reading his article The Grammar of English Phrasal Verbs, and destroy any doubts by providing clear and informative explanations of each point. The language of the article under discussion is not that difficult to c omprehend; the structure is properly organized as well and allows to evaluate each point of the text. The existence of different types of phrasal verbs, recognized by Dixon, can make other scholar to start their own investigations on the same field and approve or disprove Dixon’s ideas. To my mind, the articles, which provoke other people be interested in the theme under consideration, should be classified as the most successful, because the writers of such articles are not only able to inform the reader but also to make them think and evaluate the situation. This is why The Grammar of English Phrasal Verbs by R. M. W. Dixon should be considered as a successful piece of work that represents reliable and captivating information about phrasal verbs and helps to make the use of phrasal verb more proper and more correct. Reference List Brinton, LJ 2000 The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company, the Netherlands. Cannon, D 2002 De ductive Logic in Natural Language. Broadview Press, Peterborough, Canada. DeCapua, A 2008 Grammar for Teachers: A Guide to American English for Native and Non-Native Speakers. Springer, New York. Dixon RMW 2005 A Semantic Approach to English Grammar. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Dixon, RMW 1982, ‘The Grammar of English Phrasal Verbs’, Australian Journal of Linguistics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-42. Gelderen, E 2002 An Introduction to the Grammar of English: Syntactic Arguments and Socio-Historical Background. John Benjamins Publishing Company, the Netherlands. Payne, TE 2006 Exploring Language Structure: A Student’s Guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ware, PD Dowd, R 2008, ‘Peer Feedback on Language Form in Telecollaboration’, Language Learning Technology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 43-63.

Parkinson's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parkinson's Disease - Essay Example This disease is accompanied by a depletion of nerve cells in the substantia nigra. It is a neurological condition, in which there is reduction in the dopamine levels of the brain. The outcome is a large number of problems relating to the voluntary movement in muscles. The principal symptom of Parkinson’s disease is impaired physical movement. In addition, some patients develop loss of understanding, and a poor comprehension of involved sentences; which has been ascribed to shortcomings in grammatical processing (Angwin, Chenery and Copland 239 – 240). It is a long – term degenerative disease. Presently, there is no neuroprotective or regenerative treatment for this disease. The medical management of this disease is consequently, limited to improving the quality of life of individuals afflicted with Parkinson’s disease. Many strategies have been developed to reduce the impact of the disease and to enhance the quality of life of its patients. The recent trend has been to garner the subjective experience of persons suffering from this disease and to develop therapeutic methods that rely on the patient’s perspective (Schrag 151). Neurosurgery provides considerable relief, in respect of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The chief techniques, employed in such interventions are deep brain stimulation, which involves the exercise of control over specific symptoms, via electronic stimulation. The transmission of anomalous signals is prevented in this technique. The instrument utilized in such stimulation has been termed as a brain pacemaker. Another important technique is thalamotomy, in which some genres of tremor are curbed by effecting a lesion on a part of the brain. Finally, pallidotomy is a surgical procedure that reduces dyskinesias, by means of a cerebral lesion (Parkinsons disease - treatment). Several drugs are available, which have been seen to be reasonably effective in alleviating the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

The Dixie Group - a case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Dixie Group - a case study - Essay Example The Familytique, the Peppercorn Cottage and the Michaelmas house too need to integrate their sales activity as they come under the shops category. The market square which is a public place for the traders which happens every Wednesday, they book their stall in advance. The payments collected from them should be properly listed and receipts are given in return. These should be integrated using program based information system. The management information system provides information to support management decision making. Pre-specific and pre-planned reporting to managers is accomplished by information reporting systems. Support for managers is accomplished by decision support systems. Information for top management is provided by executive information system. The information system provides information on the operations of the system to management for the direction and maintenance of the system (control). It is important to understand information system in the context of their use in information processing, which is also called data processing. â€Å"an information system uses the resources of hardware (machines and media), software (programs and procedures), and people (specialities and end users) to perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities that convert data resources into information products.† (James A. O’Brien). Thus the information system performs operational, managerial, and strategic support role in the business. These need to be a good information system to integrate the business activity to achieve the goals. The operations information system uses the data generated by and used in business operations. That is, it record and process data update it and produce it into reports. Physical processes are controlled by process control system and office activities are supported by the office automation system. This would help the organisation to achieve an organised

Cahapter 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

Cahapter 6 - Essay Example Steel being the choice of material, this geometric form adopted with few change by architects of different era and became a distinctive feature of Modern Architecture (Arnold 1996). Besides architectural factor, several steel building, rising up with architectural setback, is outcome of the zoning and planning regulation mandated for the region. Geometric form with architectural setback mandated by urban planning and zoning regulations for high-rise building and skyscraper located in medium and higher density district. First zoning laws in New York first mandated this building form, in 1916 to reduce the shadow of the high-rise building at street and sidewalk (Naeim 1989). According to New York zoning law, the buildings established between 1916 and 1960 raised up to certain height. The height of lower part defined with respect to the width of the street on which building established. Hence, in narrow streets, the setback started at lower story. Starting from that level, they had to s et back until the plan area of one fourth of whole site reached. (New York Skyscrapers 1996) In early years, the effect of setback on seismic performance of steel frames was not main concerns of architects and engineers, especially, if they were constructed in medium or low seismicity region. Although, few steel frames experienced severe damage during past earthquake, no direct correlation between the damage and vertical irregularity found (Youssef, Bonowitz & Gross 1995). In several regions, restrictions set for different building, believed unnecessary for buildings designed with steel frames. (Arnold 1996) and (Naeim 1989) Earthquake resistant design provisions and guidelines, addresses the vertical geometric irregularity as an issue related with the accuracy and reliability of analytical methods, used to define elastic and inelastic seismic demands. Once the

Wireless networking Essay Example for Free

Wireless networking Essay With the current application of 802.11b wireless solution Highbrow Ed is using, hot spots are inefficient for application delivery, and to manage the bandwidth they will need for the collaboration and expansion required in the future. An upgrade to an optimized Wireless LAN (WLAN) architecture will solve all of their business needs. While an 802.11b/g model for wireless networking using a traditional centralized WLAN switch might work, this solution is very expensive and has several limitations. This type of model is prone to inefficient application delivery, performance bottlenecking, and having a single point of failure depending on the health of the centralized WLAN switch. Upgrading to an optimized WLAN architecture, using 802.11n technology, provides Highbrow Ed with a scalable, efficient, high-performing wireless network. An optimized WLAN architecture combines the advantages of central management and addresses the limitations of having a central wireless switch. Optimized WLAN consists of intelligent Access Points (Aps) and a WLAN controller. The APs forward traffic and enforce security and prioritization policies, while the WLAN controller centrally manages and controls all APs. The APs dispatch all traffic directly from source to destination without requiring a detour to the controller. The optimized WLAN architecture, with its distributed traffic forwarding, will not require Highbrow Ed to significantly change their LAN backbone. Highbrow Ed will need to upgrade their WLAN infrastructure to migrate from the 802.11b network to 802.11n network. However, Highbrow Ed will see an increase in productivity and enhanced collaboration solutions. The conversion to the 802.11n architecture will increase their area of coverage for the campus both in the structures and outdoors. 802.11n boosts network capacity and speed up to 600Mbps, and supports voice and data transfers.

Iraq War Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war waged on Iraq by the United States has been the cause of heated debate all over the world. Many people have opposed the United States attack on Iraq for many viable reasons. Some of these reasons include that it is not in the best interests for the reputation of the United States with the other nations of the global community, it poses an increased threat to United States homeland security, and it will result in many unjust crimes committed by the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Going to war with Iraq will negatively affect the reputation of the United States with other countries opposing the war. These countries include Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, and Pakistan, to name a few. In order to be a superpower, it entails that the country maintain amicable ties with nations in strategic areas in order to facilitate goodwill and cooperation. By going to war with Iraq, the United States has put a tremendous strain on amicable ties it once had with influential countries like France, Germany, and Egypt which is not good for public relation purposes or for maintaining superpower status. Also, going to war with Iraq has put a tremendous strain on the ties between the United States and many Muslim countries. The vast majority of the Muslim world is vehemently opposed to the war, thereby fueling anger towards the United States, viewing it as unjust and overstepping its bounds. This creates a dark image of the United Sta...

Political Stability and the History of Weather in Brazil Essay

The political stability of Brazil has always relied heavily on the abundance of natural resources to be found in the Amazon rainforest, and has been severely tested in eras of colonization, periods of boom-and-bust, world wars, and civil wars. Populations migrated from Asia to the Americas when sea levels were lowered by 100 meters due to the expanding glaciers and ice sheets of the last ice age, and dry land linked Alaska to Siberia (Lamb 112). One group, the Incans, settled along the Andes. Since the only beast of burden, the llama, was too small to carry a man, they lived mostly sedentary lives. They also stratified their populations on the sides of the Andes to take advantage of the different capacities of the land (growing cotton at sea level, maize on the piedmont, and potatoes in the highlands). For people living in the Amazon basin, the climate induced them to be even less materialistic. Belongings left in a thatch-and-pole hut by semi-nomadic people would be destroyed through a combination of humidity and insects by the time the roamers returned to the settlement (Place 22). The Indians also developed a social structure in which each individual Indian would be responsible for possessing mentally all the necessary information for making a living in a tropical rainforest: hunting practices, habits of particular game animals, rituals, food manufacture, and crop varieties (Roosevelt 23). After the arrival of the Europeans, indigenous peoples died from new diseases like smallpox, measles, and typhus in what was eventually called the â€Å"largest demographic collapse in history† (Webb). While the indigenous populations were struggling to survive, European colonizers were moving in with horses, dogs, cattle, chickens, and slav... ...ssed 20 November 2004. Place, Susan E., ed. Tropical Rainforests: Latin American Nature and Society in Transition. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1993. Roosevelt, Anna. Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994. â€Å"Rubber: War.† Pulse of the Planet. National Science Foundation. Program #2233, September 2000. http://www.pulseplanet.com/archive/Sep00/2233.html. Accessed 20 November 2004. â€Å"Rubber: Boom.† Pulse of the Planet. National Science Foundation. Program #2232, September 2000. http://www.pulseplanet.com/archive/Sep00/2232.html. Accessed 20 November 2004. Steffen, Alex. â€Å"Fome Zero.† WorldChanging: Another World is Here. 4 December 2003. http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/000168.html. Accessed 20 November 2004. Webb, James. Lecture. Colby College. 7 March 2004.

Consider the significance of the Edict of Nantes 1598 Essay

The Edict of Nantes immediately followed the Wars of Religion, which further divided France in terms of religion. The Edict of Nantes could be described as a significant development in policies regarding religion in France in the 17th century. The policies were implemented by a monarch who sat on the fence when it came to religion, having devotions to both Catholicism and Protestantism, in the shape of Henry IV. The Edict of Nantes itself was very significant as its policy was the first of its kind in French politics. Never before had a French monarch tolerated both Catholicism and Protestantism and allowed them both to flourish in the same ‘country’. Whatever Henry’s beliefs and motives in implementing such a policy, it was certainly an original policy and a significant development in sixteenth and seventeenth century France. Toleration existed and although it can be argued that Protestants didn’t have very much power and the Catholics remained in near total control of the majority of areas in the country but the Protestants certainly had more power than they had under previous more anti-Protestant monarchs. The Edict could also be described as a turning point. Indeed, it could be described as a very significant turning point. Legislation was put in place in an attempt to avoid discrimination against the Protestants. Discrimination was not evident by the Edict itself; it was more of a case of trying to give the Protestants more rights. Henry couldn’t go as far as giving the Protestants equal legal, religious and political rights because he would lose the support of the Catholics. However, there can be no denying the significance of the legislation. It was the attempt to be pragmatic where religion is concerned which resulted in his death. The significance of Henry’s reign lies in the difference and the pragmatism of his reign. The actual legislation could be described as ground breaking. The rights that the Edict of Nantes gave the Protestants included full liberty of conscience and private worship; liberty of public worship wherever it had previously been granted and its extension to numerous other localities and to estates of Protestant nobles; full civil rights including the right to hold public office; royal subsidies for Protestant schools; special courts, composed of Roman Catholic and Protestant judges, to judge cases involving Protestants; retention of the organization of the Protestant church in France; and Protestant control of some 200 cities then held by the Huguenots, including such strongholds as La Rochelle, with the king contributing to the maintenance of their garrisons and fortifications. In practice, things were slightly different for the Protestants who were oppressed by the Catholics and still weren’t allowed anywhere near Paris. It is clear that full, equal rights for the Protestants were not given by Henry – for example, Roman Catholic judges had more power in the courts than the Protestant judges did and often Roman Catholic bias came through in a number of cases – but there was some attempt to give the Protestants some rights and freedoms which was in itself significant. The Edict of Nantes was also very significant in terms of Henry’s foreign policy. He wanted to protect the southern border of France from the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs. Henry was more patriotic than the French kings before him and his policies show this as he placed the Protestants in the south of France, using the Protestants to protect France from Spain. All of this means that – in terms of French foreign policy – the Edict of Nantes carries further significance for a number of reasons†¦ The removal of the Protestants away from Paris and further towards the south means that Henry IV embarked on a policy of centralisation. There is no doubt that Henry converted to Catholicism and tried to maintain as much power as possible for his Catholic friends in the establishment. Policies were made more in a centralised way i.e. from Paris and the Protestants were freezed out in positions of power by the Catholics. This is significant because of the reign of Louis XIII who furthered the centralisation policy, and shows that there was a trend towards centralisation before Louis XIII came onto the throne. This also shows that Henry’s domestic and foreign policy can easily be linked, which is also significant. All of this emphasises how significant the Edict of Nantes was. Henry’s patriotism was also on show in the implementation of the Edict of Nantes. He didn’t want any foreign influence in his affairs and he wanted to appease the Protestants. The best way to appease them was giving them an important role whilst getting what he wanted in his foreign policy by getting the Protestants to protect the borders of France. This is highly significant as never before had a French monarch been as patriotic as Henry and it is also significant because it indicates that Henry didn’t actually want the Catholics to have power in all areas of France which probably indicates that he still had allegiances to the Protestant beliefs despite his conversion to Catholicism. Henry’s tactical manoeuvres were also significant in another way. Basically, he prevented the Wars of Religion from continuing and restarting again. The irony is that his tendency to sit on the fence on the issue of religion in the end cost him his life. This is why some historians place emphasis on the significance of this aspect of the Edict of Nantes. Henry’s early life as a Protestant and his subsequent conversion to Catholicism make the Edict of Nantes interesting as well as significant. To consider the significance of the Edict of Nantes, we have to consider the situation in France before Henry IV came to the throne and even beyond the Wars of Religion. The Wars of Religion were where the Calvinist Huguenots (Protestants) and the Catholics did battle for control of the monarchy. The Catholics won and maintained control of the monarchy; however, it is clear that something needed to be done to prevent another War of Religion from happening. Henry IV was the man with the job of preventing another War of Religion and he turned out to be the perfect man for the job. Unlike most French monarchs in this period, Henry was pragmatic when it came to religion although he had developed a slight preference for Catholicism. Henry felt that they were more important things than religion – his patriotism as opposed to his religious beliefs – but ultimately it was this that caused his downfall and eventual death. However, the very fact that the Wars of Religion didn’t happen again throughout Henry IV’s reign is very significant considering the huge division between the two religions. Another War of Religion could have shaped French history differently, especially if the Protestants/Calvinists came out on top. Today’s France could also have been completely different if a war wasn’t avoided. This makes Henry’s reign and – of course – the Edict of Nantes take on further significance. The Edict of Nantes certainly cannot be described as revolutionary but it was almost a complete reform of the laws regarding religion. In reality, there was little reform because there was major exploitation of flaws in the law by the Catholics. However, this shouldn’t take anything away from the significance of the Edict of Nantes because the laws created Protestant strangleholds in the south of France. Despite all this, the Edict of Nantes takes on an apparent lack of significance because of what happened to Henry and what happened under the reigns of subsequent monarchs. The Edict was indeed revoked in 1685 and steadily the Catholics moved towards a position of total power over the Protestants. So this means that the Edict of Nantes loses some of its significance because the policies of Henry had no impact on future monarchs. During Henry’s reign, however, significance can be attached to the Edict.